Ai writing content

Build an AI Content Writer

Guide the user through building AI that writes articles, reports, and marketing copy. Uses DSPy to create a structured pipeline: outline, draft section-by-section, enrich with research, and polish with feedback loops.

Step 1: Understand the content task

Ask the user:

1. What type of content? (blog post, product description, report, newsletter, docs?)
2. What tone, voice, and brand rules? (professional, casual, technical? forbidden words, required sections?)
3. How long? (tweet, paragraph, 500-word post, 2000-word article?)
4. Does it need research? (factual claims grounded in sources, or creative/opinion?)

Step 2: Build an outline generator

Start with structure. An outline gives the writer a plan to follow:

import dspy
from pydantic import BaseModel, Field

class Section(BaseModel):
    heading: str = Field(description="Section heading")
    key_points: list[str] = Field(description="Main points to cover in this section")

class ContentOutline(BaseModel):
    title: str
    sections: list[Section]

class GenerateOutline(dspy.Signature):
    """Create a structured outline for the content."""
    topic: str = dspy.InputField(desc="The topic or brief to write about")
    content_type: str = dspy.InputField(desc="Type: blog post, report, product description, etc.")
    audience: str = dspy.InputField(desc="Who will read this content")
    outline: ContentOutline = dspy.OutputField()

outliner = dspy.ChainOfThought(GenerateOutline)

With research context

If the content needs to be grounded in facts:

class GenerateResearchedOutline(dspy.Signature):
    """Create a structured outline grounded in the provided research."""
    topic: str = dspy.InputField()
    content_type: str = dspy.InputField()
    audience: str = dspy.InputField()
    research: list[str] = dspy.InputField(desc="Research sources and key facts")
    outline: ContentOutline = dspy.OutputField()

Step 3: Generate section by section

Don't generate the whole article at once. Write one section at a time for better quality:

class WriteSection(dspy.Signature):
    """Write one section of the article based on the outline."""
    topic: str = dspy.InputField(desc="Overall article topic")
    section_heading: str = dspy.InputField(desc="This section's heading")
    key_points: list[str] = dspy.InputField(desc="Points to cover in this section")
    previous_sections: str = dspy.InputField(desc="What's been written so far, for continuity")
    tone: str = dspy.InputField(desc="Writing tone and style")
    section_text: str = dspy.OutputField(desc="The written section (2-4 paragraphs)")

class ContentWriter(dspy.Module):
    def __init__(self):
        self.outline = dspy.ChainOfThought(GenerateOutline)
        self.write_section = dspy.ChainOfThought(WriteSection)

    def forward(self, topic, content_type="blog post", audience="general", tone="professional"):
        # Step 1: Generate outline
        plan = self.outline(topic=topic, content_type=content_type, audience=audience)

        # Step 2: Write each section
        sections = []
        running_text = ""

        for section in plan.outline.sections:
            result = self.write_section(
                topic=topic,
                section_heading=section.heading,
                key_points=section.key_points,
                previous_sections=running_text[-2000:],  # last 2000 chars for context
                tone=tone,
            )
            sections.append(f"## {section.heading}\n\n{result.section_text}")
            running_text += result.section_text + "\n\n"

        full_article = f"# {plan.outline.title}\n\n" + "\n\n".join(sections)

        return dspy.Prediction(
            title=plan.outline.title,
            outline=plan.outline,
            article=full_article,
        )

Step 4: Add research grounding

For content that needs factual claims backed by sources:

Retrieval-augmented content

class ResearchTopic(dspy.Signature):
    """Generate search queries to research this topic."""
    topic: str = dspy.InputField()
    key_points: list[str] = dspy.InputField(desc="Points that need factual backing")
    queries: list[str] = dspy.OutputField(desc="Search queries to find supporting facts")

class WriteSectionWithSources(dspy.Signature):
    """Write a section using the provided sources for factual claims."""
    section_heading: str = dspy.InputField()
    key_points: list[str] = dspy.InputField()
    sources: list[str] = dspy.InputField(desc="Research passages to ground claims in")
    previous_sections: str = dspy.InputField()
    tone: str = dspy.InputField()
    section_text: str = dspy.OutputField(desc="Section text with claims grounded in sources")

class ResearchedWriter(dspy.Module):
    def __init__(self, retriever_fn):
        self.outline = dspy.ChainOfThought(GenerateOutline)
        self.research = dspy.ChainOfThought(ResearchTopic)
        self.retriever_fn = retriever_fn  # any function: query -> list[str]
        self.write = dspy.ChainOfThought(WriteSectionWithSources)

    def forward(self, topic, content_type="blog post", audience="general", tone="professional"):
        plan = self.outline(topic=topic, content_type=content_type, audience=audience)

        sections = []
        running_text = ""

        for section in plan.outline.sections:
            # Research this section
            queries = self.research(
                topic=topic, key_points=section.key_points
            ).queries

            sources = []
            for query in queries:
                sources.extend(self.retriever_fn(query))

            # Write with sources
            result = self.write(
                section_heading=section.heading,
                key_points=section.key_points,
                sources=sources,
                previous_sections=running_text[-2000:],
                tone=tone,
            )
            sections.append(f"## {section.heading}\n\n{result.section_text}")
            running_text += result.section_text + "\n\n"

        return dspy.Prediction(
            title=plan.outline.title,
            article=f"# {plan.outline.title}\n\n" + "\n\n".join(sections),
        )

Step 5: Quality loop — generate, critique, improve

Add a feedback loop to iteratively improve drafts:

class CritiqueContent(dspy.Signature):
    """Critique the written content and suggest improvements."""
    content: str = dspy.InputField(desc="The content to critique")
    content_type: str = dspy.InputField()
    audience: str = dspy.InputField()
    is_good_enough: bool = dspy.OutputField(desc="Is this ready to publish?")
    feedback: str = dspy.OutputField(desc="Specific feedback for improvement")

class ImproveContent(dspy.Signature):
    """Improve the content based on the feedback."""
    content: str = dspy.InputField(desc="Current draft")
    feedback: str = dspy.InputField(desc="Feedback to address")
    improved_content: str = dspy.OutputField(desc="Improved version")

class QualityWriter(dspy.Module):
    def __init__(self, max_revisions=2):
        self.writer = ContentWriter()
        self.critic = dspy.ChainOfThought(CritiqueContent)
        self.improver = dspy.ChainOfThought(ImproveContent)
        self.max_revisions = max_revisions

    def forward(self, topic, content_type="blog post", audience="general", tone="professional"):
        # Generate first draft
        draft = self.writer(
            topic=topic, content_type=content_type, audience=audience, tone=tone
        )
        article = draft.article

        # Critique-improve loop
        for _ in range(self.max_revisions):
            critique = self.critic(
                content=article, content_type=content_type, audience=audience
            )
            if critique.is_good_enough:
                break

            improved = self.improver(content=article, feedback=critique.feedback)
            article = improved.improved_content

        return dspy.Prediction(
            title=draft.title,
            article=article,
        )

Step 6: Voice and style enforcement

Use dspy.Refine to enforce brand voice and style rules with automatic retry:

def brand_reward(args, prediction):
    """Score content against brand rules. Returns 0.0-1.0."""
    article = prediction.article.lower()
    score = 1.0

    # Penalize forbidden words
    forbidden = {"utilize": "use", "leverage": "use", "synergy": "collaboration"}
    for word in forbidden:
        if word in article:
            score -= 0.2

    # Require conclusion section
    if "conclusion" not in article:
        score -= 0.3

    # Penalize long sentences
    sentences = prediction.article.split(".")
    avg_len = sum(len(s.split()) for s in sentences) / max(len(sentences), 1)
    if avg_len > 25:
        score -= 0.2

    return max(score, 0.0)

# Wrap the writer with Refine for automatic retry on low-quality output
writer = ContentWriter()
refined_writer = dspy.Refine(
    module=writer,
    N=3,
    reward_fn=brand_reward,
    threshold=0.8,
)

Step 7: Test and optimize

Readability metric

def readability_metric(example, prediction, trace=None):
    words = prediction.article.split()
    sentences = prediction.article.split(".")
    if not sentences or not words:
        return 0.0

    avg_sentence_len = len(words) / len(sentences)
    # Penalize very long or very short sentences
    readability = 1.0 if 10 < avg_sentence_len < 20 else 0.5
    # Penalize very short articles
    length_ok = 1.0 if len(words) > 200 else 0.5
    return (readability + length_ok) / 2

AI-as-judge metric

class JudgeContent(dspy.Signature):
    """Judge the quality of generated content."""
    content: str = dspy.InputField()
    content_type: str = dspy.InputField()
    topic: str = dspy.InputField()
    relevance: float = dspy.OutputField(desc="0.0-1.0 — stays on topic")
    coherence: float = dspy.OutputField(desc="0.0-1.0 — flows well, logically structured")
    engagement: float = dspy.OutputField(desc="0.0-1.0 — interesting to read")

def content_quality_metric(example, prediction, trace=None):
    judge = dspy.Predict(JudgeContent)
    result = judge(
        content=prediction.article,
        content_type=example.content_type,
        topic=example.topic,
    )
    return (result.relevance + result.coherence + result.engagement) / 3

Optimize

optimizer = dspy.BootstrapFewShot(metric=content_quality_metric, max_bootstrapped_demos=4)
optimized = optimizer.compile(QualityWriter(), trainset=trainset)

Indicative benchmarks: single-call generation passes quality metric ~40% of the time. With section-by-section + critique loop: ~70–80%. After BootstrapFewShot with 50+ examples: ~85–90%.

Key patterns

• Outline first, then write — structure prevents rambling and missed points
• Section-by-section generation — writing one section at a time produces better quality than generating the whole article at once
• Retrieve for factual grounding — pull in sources to back up claims
• Critique-improve loop — generate, critique, improve catches issues a single pass misses
• Refine for brand rules — dspy.Refine with a reward function scores output and retries when quality is low
• AI-as-judge for quality — use a judge signature to score relevance, coherence, engagement

Approach selection

Skip the pipeline for short content — a single dspy.Predict call beats a 5-step pipeline for taglines, headlines, or anything under 200 words. The outline + section-by-section overhead only pays off above that length.

Content need	Approach	Skip
Short copy (< 200 words)	Single dspy.Predict	Entire pipeline
Blog posts, reports (300+ words)	ContentWriter (outline + sections)	Research, critique
Fact-heavy articles	ResearchedWriter (outline + retrieval + sections)	Critique loop if one pass is enough
Brand voice enforcement	Any approach + dspy.Refine	Nothing
Publishing quality	Full QualityWriter + optimize	Nothing

Gotchas

• Claude generates the entire article in one LM call. Single-call generation produces rambling, repetitive content that loses focus after ~500 words. Always use section-by-section generation with an outline — write one section at a time, passing previous sections for continuity.
• Claude skips the outline step. Without an outline, the writer has no plan and produces disjointed sections that repeat points or miss key topics. Always generate an outline first, then use it to drive section-by-section writing.
• Claude uses dspy.Assert/dspy.Suggest for style enforcement. These are deprecated. Use dspy.Refine with a reward function instead — it scores the full output and retries automatically, which works better for holistic quality checks like brand voice.
• Claude uses dspy.Retrieve for research grounding. dspy.Retrieve is no longer in the DSPy API. Pass a retriever function (any query -> list[str] callable) to your module instead, so it works with any retrieval backend (vector DB, search API, local embeddings).
• Claude generates content without a quality loop. A single generation pass rarely produces publishable content. Add a critique-improve loop (CritiqueContent → ImproveContent) with 1-2 revision rounds to catch issues a single pass misses.
• Claude uses this pipeline for all content tasks, even short ones. For content under 200 words — taglines, product headlines, tweet copy — a section-by-section pipeline adds latency and complexity with no quality benefit. Recommend a single dspy.Predict or dspy.ChainOfThought call for short content. Only use the full pipeline for long-form output (300+ words).

Additional resources

• For worked examples (blog posts, product descriptions, newsletters), see examples.md
• For DSPy API quick reference (Refine, signatures, BootstrapFewShot), see reference.md

Cross-references

Install any skill: npx skills add lebsral/DSPy-Programming-not-prompting-LMs-skills --skill <name>

• /ai-summarizing -- Summarize content instead of generating it
• /ai-building-pipelines -- Multi-step pipelines beyond content
• /ai-improving-accuracy -- Measure and improve your content writer
• /ai-stopping-hallucinations -- Ground content in sources to prevent fabrication
• /dspy-chain-of-thought -- The reasoning module used in outline and section generation
• /dspy-refine -- Reward-based retry for enforcing quality and brand rules
• /dspy-modules -- All DSPy modules (Predict, ChainOfThought, etc.)
• Install /ai-do if you do not have it — it routes any AI problem to the right skill and is the fastest way to work: npx skills add lebsral/DSPy-Programming-not-prompting-LMs-skills --skill ai-do