Thanos query

Thanos Query

Query Thanos HTTP API directly via curl. Thanos implements the full Prometheus HTTP v1 API plus Thanos-specific endpoints (/api/v1/stores, dedup/partial_response params). Covers instant/range queries, label/series discovery, stores topology, alerts, and rules across multiple Prometheus backends.

Environment

# $THANOS_METRICS_URL — base URL of Thanos Querier or Query Frontend HTTP API
#   Required. Set in ~/.claude/settings.json under `env`.
#   Example:  http://thanos-query.example.internal:10902
#             https://thanos.example.com
#
# $THANOS_AUTH_HEADER — optional full HTTP header line, if your deployment fronts
#   Thanos with a reverse proxy that requires auth (basic/bearer).
#   Example:  Authorization: Bearer <token>
#             Authorization: Basic <base64(user:pass)>
#   Leave empty/unset when Thanos is reached directly (Thanos has no built-in auth).

Auth pattern

All curl commands use conditional auth — works for both reverse-proxied and direct deployments:

curl -s ${THANOS_AUTH_HEADER:+-H} ${THANOS_AUTH_HEADER:+"$THANOS_AUTH_HEADER"} \
  "$THANOS_METRICS_URL/api/v1/query?query=up" | jq .

When THANOS_AUTH_HEADER is empty, the -H flag is omitted automatically.

Core endpoints

Instant query

curl -s ${THANOS_AUTH_HEADER:+-H} ${THANOS_AUTH_HEADER:+"$THANOS_AUTH_HEADER"} \
  --data-urlencode 'query=up' \
  "$THANOS_METRICS_URL/api/v1/query" | jq .

# Query at a specific time
curl -s ${THANOS_AUTH_HEADER:+-H} ${THANOS_AUTH_HEADER:+"$THANOS_AUTH_HEADER"} \
  --data-urlencode 'query=up' \
  --data-urlencode 'time=2026-03-07T09:00:00Z' \
  "$THANOS_METRICS_URL/api/v1/query" | jq .

Params: query (required), time (RFC3339 or unix seconds), timeout, dedup, partial_response, max_source_resolution.

Range query

curl -s ${THANOS_AUTH_HEADER:+-H} ${THANOS_AUTH_HEADER:+"$THANOS_AUTH_HEADER"} \
  --data-urlencode 'query=rate(http_requests_total[5m])' \
  --data-urlencode 'start=2026-03-07T00:00:00Z' \
  --data-urlencode 'end=2026-03-07T12:00:00Z' \
  --data-urlencode 'step=5m' \
  "$THANOS_METRICS_URL/api/v1/query_range" | jq .

Params: query, start, end, step (required); plus timeout, dedup, partial_response, max_source_resolution.

Label and series discovery

# All label names
curl -s ${THANOS_AUTH_HEADER:+-H} ${THANOS_AUTH_HEADER:+"$THANOS_AUTH_HEADER"} \
  "$THANOS_METRICS_URL/api/v1/labels" | jq '.data[]'

# Values of one label
curl -s ${THANOS_AUTH_HEADER:+-H} ${THANOS_AUTH_HEADER:+"$THANOS_AUTH_HEADER"} \
  "$THANOS_METRICS_URL/api/v1/label/region/values" | jq '.data[]'

# Find series matching a selector
curl -s ${THANOS_AUTH_HEADER:+-H} ${THANOS_AUTH_HEADER:+"$THANOS_AUTH_HEADER"} \
  --data-urlencode 'match[]={job="api-server"}' \
  "$THANOS_METRICS_URL/api/v1/series?limit=20" | jq '.data'

Thanos-specific: stores topology

# List all backing stores (sidecars, store-gateway, ruler, receive)
curl -s ${THANOS_AUTH_HEADER:+-H} ${THANOS_AUTH_HEADER:+"$THANOS_AUTH_HEADER"} \
  "$THANOS_METRICS_URL/api/v1/stores" | jq '.data | to_entries[] | {kind: .key, count: (.value | length)}'

# Detail: which stores per region, last-error state
curl -s ${THANOS_AUTH_HEADER:+-H} ${THANOS_AUTH_HEADER:+"$THANOS_AUTH_HEADER"} \
  "$THANOS_METRICS_URL/api/v1/stores" \
  | jq '.data | to_entries[] | .key as $k | .value[] | {kind:$k, name, lastError, labelSets}'

Alerts and rules

curl -s ${THANOS_AUTH_HEADER:+-H} ${THANOS_AUTH_HEADER:+"$THANOS_AUTH_HEADER"} \
  "$THANOS_METRICS_URL/api/v1/alerts" | jq '.data.alerts[]'

curl -s ${THANOS_AUTH_HEADER:+-H} ${THANOS_AUTH_HEADER:+"$THANOS_AUTH_HEADER"} \
  "$THANOS_METRICS_URL/api/v1/rules" | jq '.data.groups[]'

Cross-region queries

Thanos exposes each backend Prometheus's external_labels on every metric. Common label conventions:

• region or thanos_region — the geographic / logical region
• cluster — K8s cluster name
• environment — env tier (dev/staging/prod)
• replica — HA Prometheus replica (deduped by querier)

Use these to scope queries:

# Filter by region label
--data-urlencode 'query=up{region="us-west"}'

# Group by region for cross-region comparison
--data-urlencode 'query=count(up) by (region)'

# P95 latency per region per HTTP verb
--data-urlencode 'query=histogram_quantile(0.95, sum(rate(http_request_duration_seconds_bucket[5m])) by (le, region, verb))'

Inspect which label names your deployment actually uses via /api/v1/labels first — the conventions above are common but not universal.

Thanos-specific query params

These extend the standard Prometheus query API:

Param	Default	Use
dedup	true	Dedup HA Prometheus pair series via replica label
partial_response	depends on flag	Return what's available even if some store is down (useful for cross-region availability)
max_source_resolution	0s	Use downsampled blocks: 0s raw, 5m, 1h, or auto
replicaLabels	from CLI	Override the replica label for this query
storeMatch[]	none	Restrict to specific stores: {__address__=~"prom-foo.*"}
engine	thanos	PromQL engine: prometheus or thanos

Example — long range query against downsampled data:

curl -s ${THANOS_AUTH_HEADER:+-H} ${THANOS_AUTH_HEADER:+"$THANOS_AUTH_HEADER"} \
  --data-urlencode 'query=avg_over_time(up[30d])' \
  --data-urlencode 'max_source_resolution=1h' \
  "$THANOS_METRICS_URL/api/v1/query" | jq .

Common patterns

# Service health across all regions
curl -s ${THANOS_AUTH_HEADER:+-H} ${THANOS_AUTH_HEADER:+"$THANOS_AUTH_HEADER"} \
  --data-urlencode 'query=count(up == 0) by (region, job)' \
  "$THANOS_METRICS_URL/api/v1/query" | jq '.data.result'

# Error rate across regions (assumes standard label `code`)
curl -s ${THANOS_AUTH_HEADER:+-H} ${THANOS_AUTH_HEADER:+"$THANOS_AUTH_HEADER"} \
  --data-urlencode 'query=sum(rate(http_requests_total{code=~"5.."}[5m])) by (region, job)' \
  "$THANOS_METRICS_URL/api/v1/query" | jq '.data.result'

# P99 latency (histogram) — last 5 minutes per region
curl -s ${THANOS_AUTH_HEADER:+-H} ${THANOS_AUTH_HEADER:+"$THANOS_AUTH_HEADER"} \
  --data-urlencode 'query=histogram_quantile(0.99, sum(rate(http_request_duration_seconds_bucket[5m])) by (le, region))' \
  "$THANOS_METRICS_URL/api/v1/query" | jq '.data.result'

Troubleshooting: empty query results

When an instant query or rate() query returns [], do NOT iteratively widen the time window in small steps (5m → 10m → 30m → 1h). That wastes time and obscures the real cause. Follow this checklist instead:

Empty result triage:
- [ ] Step 1: Check stores topology — is there a sidecar for that region?
- [ ] Step 2: Verify the metric name exists at all
- [ ] Step 3: Verify the label value (label names vary across deployments)
- [ ] Step 4: Run a wide range query (6h+) to find the last data point
- [ ] Step 5: Only narrow down once you have an upper bound on the gap

Step 1 — Stores topology first (architecture matters)

Before assuming the query is wrong, check what backs each region:

curl -s ${THANOS_AUTH_HEADER:+-H} ${THANOS_AUTH_HEADER:+"$THANOS_AUTH_HEADER"} \
  "$THANOS_METRICS_URL/api/v1/stores" \
  | jq '.data | to_entries[] | .key as $k | .value[] | {kind:$k, name, lastError, labelSets}'

Interpret the result:

What you see for that region	What it means
Has a sidecar entry, lastError: null	Real-time data available — empty result is a query problem
Has a sidecar entry, lastError populated	Sidecar is broken — that's your answer
Only store (store-gateway), no sidecar	Historical data only. Expect ~2h upload delay. rate() over last 5m will almost always be empty.
Neither sidecar nor store for that region	Region not wired into this Thanos — query the right Querier

This single check resolves most "empty result" mysteries. Do it before anything else.

Step 2 — Does the metric exist?

curl -s ${THANOS_AUTH_HEADER:+-H} ${THANOS_AUTH_HEADER:+"$THANOS_AUTH_HEADER"} \
  --data-urlencode 'match[]={__name__=~".*duration.*bucket"}' \
  "$THANOS_METRICS_URL/api/v1/series?limit=5" \
  | jq '[.data[] | .__name__] | unique'

If the metric name is wrong (e.g. http_request_duration_seconds_bucket vs api_request_duration_milliseconds_bucket), nothing else matters. Confirm the actual name first.

Step 3 — Do the label values match?

Don't assume environment="stg" is the right scope. Inspect actual labels on the metric:

curl -s ${THANOS_AUTH_HEADER:+-H} ${THANOS_AUTH_HEADER:+"$THANOS_AUTH_HEADER"} \
  --data-urlencode 'match[]={__name__="<metric_name>"}' \
  "$THANOS_METRICS_URL/api/v1/series?limit=1" | jq '.data[0]'

Look for region, thanos_region, cluster, environment — different deployments scope differently.

Step 4 — Wide range query to find the gap

Once topology and naming are confirmed, find the last data point with one wide query, not many narrow ones:

# 6 hours is the default — go wider if needed. NEVER start with 30 minutes.
NOW=$(date -u +%s)
curl -s ${THANOS_AUTH_HEADER:+-H} ${THANOS_AUTH_HEADER:+"$THANOS_AUTH_HEADER"} \
  --data-urlencode 'query=count(<metric>{<labels>})' \
  --data-urlencode "start=$(( NOW - 21600 ))" \
  --data-urlencode "end=$NOW" \
  --data-urlencode 'step=1m' \
  "$THANOS_METRICS_URL/api/v1/query_range" \
  | jq '.data.result[0].values | .[-5:] | map({time: (.[0] | todate), count: .[1]})'

If still empty, double the window (12h, 24h, 3d). Cheap operation — go wide and bisect, don't crawl forward.

Step 5 — Now narrow down

Only after you know roughly when data stopped, query the surrounding window with step=1m to pinpoint the exact cutoff.

Anti-patterns

• ❌ Repeatedly retrying rate(...[5m]) with no data — rate() needs ≥2 samples in the window; if scrape stopped, no time window will help.
• ❌ Iteratively expanding [5m] → [10m] → [30m] hoping data appears.
• ❌ Querying /api/v1/query (instant) after /api/v1/query_range showed data — staleness markers may hide instant results even when range queries succeed.
• ❌ Assuming the metric/label is wrong before checking /api/v1/stores.

Notes

• POST endpoints accept application/x-www-form-urlencoded; use --data-urlencode for queries with special chars.
• match[] requires the [] suffix.
• Label values endpoint takes label name as path parameter: /api/v1/label/{name}/values.
• Response shape is identical to Prometheus HTTP v1 API for /query, /query_range, /labels, /series, /alerts, /rules. /stores is Thanos-specific.
• Thanos has no built-in authentication. If your deployment is behind a reverse proxy, set THANOS_AUTH_HEADER accordingly.
• See REFERENCE.md for full endpoint reference and parameters.
• See EXAMPLES.md for end-to-end query examples.