Scratch costume insert

Scratch Custom Costume Injection

This skill provides a pattern for programmatically adding custom costumes (SVG or PNG) to Scratch sprites. Instead of manually drawing in the paint editor, you create image data and inject it through the VM's storage API.

The Problem

When building Scratch projects programmatically, the default sprite (cat) costume is often unsuitable. The paint editor requires complex UI interactions (clicks, drags, color picks) that are fragile and slow to automate. There is no built-in block or simple API to add a custom-drawn costume from code.

The Solution

Use the Scratch VM's storage API to create an image asset (SVG or PNG), wrap it in a costume object, and add it to the target sprite. This bypasses the paint editor entirely and works reliably in a single page.evaluate() call.

1. Create image data (SVG string or PNG binary)
2. Encode it as an asset via vm.runtime.storage.createAsset()
3. Build a costume descriptor object
4. Call vm.addCostume() to register it
5. Switch to the new costume with target.setCostume()

Prerequisites

This skill builds on the scratch-project-edit skill. Ensure:

• The playwright-cli skill is installed and a browser session is open
• The Scratch editor is open and window.vm is available

Implementation — SVG Costume

Use playwright-cli run-code to inject an SVG costume:

playwright-cli run-code "$(cat <<'EOF'
async page => await page.evaluate(async () => {
  const vm = window.vm;
  const target = vm.editingTarget;
  const storage = vm.runtime.storage;

  // Step 1: Define SVG markup
  const svgString = `
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="100" height="100" viewBox="-50 -50 100 100">
  <circle cx="0" cy="0" r="40" fill="#4CAF50" stroke="#2E7D32" stroke-width="3"/>
  <circle cx="-12" cy="-10" r="5" fill="white"/>
  <circle cx="12" cy="-10" r="5" fill="white"/>
  <circle cx="-12" cy="-10" r="2.5" fill="#333"/>
  <circle cx="12" cy="-10" r="2.5" fill="#333"/>
  <path d="M -10,10 Q 0,20 10,10" fill="none" stroke="#333" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round"/>
</svg>`;

  // Step 2: Create a storage asset
  const asset = storage.createAsset(
    storage.AssetType.ImageVector,  // SVG type
    storage.DataFormat.SVG,         // SVG format
    new TextEncoder().encode(svgString),  // SVG as UTF-8 bytes
    null,   // auto-generate asset ID (md5)
    true    // generate md5 from content
  );

  // Step 3: Build costume descriptor
  const costume = {
    name: 'my-costume',
    dataFormat: 'svg',
    asset: asset,
    md5: asset.assetId + '.svg',
    assetId: asset.assetId,
    bitmapResolution: 1,
    rotationCenterX: 50,   // center X in pixels (width / 2)
    rotationCenterY: 50    // center Y in pixels (height / 2)
  };

  // Step 4: Add costume and switch to it
  await vm.addCostume(costume.md5, costume);
  const costumeIndex = target.getCostumes().length - 1;
  target.setCostume(costumeIndex);

  return 'Costume added: ' + costume.name;
})
EOF
)"

Implementation — PNG Costume

From a Local File

Use playwright-cli run-code to read a local PNG file and inject it. The file is read via Node's fs (available in the run-code outer scope), converted to base64, and passed into the page.

playwright-cli run-code "$(cat <<'EOF'
async (page) => {
  const fs = require('fs');
  const pngPath = '/absolute/path/to/image.png';
  const pngBase64 = fs.readFileSync(pngPath).toString('base64');

  await page.evaluate(async (b64) => {
    const vm = window.vm;
    const target = vm.editingTarget;
    const storage = vm.runtime.storage;

    // Decode base64 to Uint8Array
    const binaryString = atob(b64);
    const bytes = new Uint8Array(binaryString.length);
    for (let i = 0; i < binaryString.length; i++) {
      bytes[i] = binaryString.charCodeAt(i);
    }

    const asset = storage.createAsset(
      storage.AssetType.ImageBitmap,
      storage.DataFormat.PNG,
      bytes,
      null,
      true
    );

    const costume = {
      name: 'png-costume',
      dataFormat: 'png',
      asset: asset,
      md5: asset.assetId + '.png',
      assetId: asset.assetId,
      bitmapResolution: 2,    // 2 for high-res PNGs (see Key Details)
      rotationCenterX: 0,     // set after measuring image
      rotationCenterY: 0
    };

    // Measure actual image dimensions to set rotation center
    const blob = new Blob([bytes], { type: 'image/png' });
    const url = URL.createObjectURL(blob);
    const img = new Image();
    await new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
      img.onload = resolve;
      img.onerror = reject;
      img.src = url;
    });
    URL.revokeObjectURL(url);

    // For bitmapResolution=2, rotation center is in image pixels (not halved)
    costume.rotationCenterX = Math.floor(img.width / 2);
    costume.rotationCenterY = Math.floor(img.height / 2);

    await vm.addCostume(costume.md5, costume);
    const costumeIndex = target.getCostumes().length - 1;
    target.setCostume(costumeIndex);

    return `PNG costume added: ${img.width}x${img.height}`;
  }, pngBase64);
}
EOF
)"

From a Canvas (Programmatic Drawing)

Generate a PNG entirely in the browser using an off-screen canvas:

playwright-cli run-code "$(cat <<'EOF'
async page => await page.evaluate(async () => {
  const vm = window.vm;
  const target = vm.editingTarget;
  const storage = vm.runtime.storage;

  // Draw on an off-screen canvas
  const width = 200;
  const height = 200;
  const canvas = document.createElement('canvas');
  canvas.width = width;
  canvas.height = height;
  const ctx = canvas.getContext('2d');

  // Example: draw a star
  ctx.fillStyle = '#FFD700';
  ctx.beginPath();
  for (let i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
    const angle = (i * 4 * Math.PI) / 5 - Math.PI / 2;
    const x = 100 + 80 * Math.cos(angle);
    const y = 100 + 80 * Math.sin(angle);
    i === 0 ? ctx.moveTo(x, y) : ctx.lineTo(x, y);
  }
  ctx.closePath();
  ctx.fill();
  ctx.strokeStyle = '#B8860B';
  ctx.lineWidth = 3;
  ctx.stroke();

  // Convert canvas to PNG bytes
  const blob = await new Promise(r => canvas.toBlob(r, 'image/png'));
  const arrayBuffer = await blob.arrayBuffer();
  const bytes = new Uint8Array(arrayBuffer);

  const asset = storage.createAsset(
    storage.AssetType.ImageBitmap,
    storage.DataFormat.PNG,
    bytes,
    null,
    true
  );

  const costume = {
    name: 'star',
    dataFormat: 'png',
    asset: asset,
    md5: asset.assetId + '.png',
    assetId: asset.assetId,
    bitmapResolution: 2,
    rotationCenterX: width / 2,    // 100
    rotationCenterY: height / 2     // 100
  };

  await vm.addCostume(costume.md5, costume);
  const costumeIndex = target.getCostumes().length - 1;
  target.setCostume(costumeIndex);

  return 'Canvas PNG costume added';
})
EOF
)"

Common Operations

Adding a Costume to a Specific Sprite

To add a costume to a sprite other than the currently selected one, find the target first:

const target = vm.runtime.getSpriteTargetByName('Sprite2');
// or for the stage:
const stage = vm.runtime.getTargetForStage();

await vm.addCostume(costume.md5, costume, target.id);
//                                        ^^^^^^^^^ target ID

Removing Default Costumes

After adding the custom costume, you can remove the default cat costumes:

// Remove costumes by index (remove from end to avoid index shift)
target.deleteCostume(1);  // remove costume2
target.deleteCostume(0);  // remove costume1

⚠️ deleteCostume cannot delete the last remaining costume. If only one costume is left in the list, deleteCostume(0) silently fails. Always ensure at least 2 costumes exist before deleting. The safest approach is to add new costumes first, then delete the old ones (see "Correct Pattern" below).

Multiple Costumes for Animation

Add multiple costumes to create frame-based animation:

const frames = [
  { name: 'walk1', data: svgOrPngData1 },
  { name: 'walk2', data: svgOrPngData2 },
  { name: 'walk3', data: svgOrPngData3 }
];

for (const frame of frames) {
  const isSvg = typeof frame.data === 'string';
  const asset = storage.createAsset(
    isSvg ? storage.AssetType.ImageVector : storage.AssetType.ImageBitmap,
    isSvg ? storage.DataFormat.SVG : storage.DataFormat.PNG,
    isSvg ? new TextEncoder().encode(frame.data) : frame.data,
    null, true
  );
  const ext = isSvg ? 'svg' : 'png';
  await vm.addCostume(asset.assetId + '.' + ext, {
    name: frame.name,
    dataFormat: ext,
    asset: asset,
    md5: asset.assetId + '.' + ext,
    assetId: asset.assetId,
    bitmapResolution: isSvg ? 1 : 2,
    rotationCenterX: 50,
    rotationCenterY: 50
  });
}

Then use looks_nextcostume or looks_switchcostumeto blocks to animate.

Costume List Management for Animation

The Core Rule

looks_nextcostume cycles through every costume in the sprite's list in order. If any unwanted costume remains in the list — the default cat, a "?" placeholder, a dummy entry, or a leftover frame — it will appear during animation.

The fix is always the same: add the new frames first, then delete all the old costumes.

Correct Pattern

Perform loadProject and costume injection inside a single page.evaluate call so the costume list is clean before any rendering occurs.

Key rule: add new costumes first, then delete old ones. deleteCostume silently fails when only one costume remains in the list. Adding new costumes first guarantees the list always has more than one entry during deletion.

playwright-cli run-code "$(cat <<'EOF'
async (page) => {
  const svg1 = `<svg ...>frame 1</svg>`;
  const svg2 = `<svg ...>frame 2</svg>`;

  await page.evaluate(async (frames) => {
    const vm = window.vm;

    // Step 1: inject blocks via loadProject
    const projectJSON = JSON.parse(vm.toJSON());
    const sprite = projectJSON.targets.find(t => !t.isStage);
    sprite.blocks = { /* looks_nextcostume loop ... */ };
    await vm.loadProject(JSON.stringify(projectJSON));

    // Step 2: immediately replace the costume list
    const target = vm.editingTarget;
    const storage = vm.runtime.storage;

    // Record how many OLD costumes exist before adding new ones
    const oldCount = target.getCostumes().length;

    // Add new animation frames FIRST (appended to the end of the list)
    for (const { svg, name } of frames) {
      const asset = storage.createAsset(
        storage.AssetType.ImageVector, storage.DataFormat.SVG,
        new TextEncoder().encode(svg), null, true
      );
      await vm.addCostume(asset.assetId + '.svg', {
        name, dataFormat: 'svg', asset,
        md5: asset.assetId + '.svg', assetId: asset.assetId,
        bitmapResolution: 1, rotationCenterX: 50, rotationCenterY: 50
      });
    }

    // THEN delete the old costumes from the front (new ones are safe at the end)
    for (let i = oldCount - 1; i >= 0; i--) target.deleteCostume(i);

    target.setCostume(0);
  }, [{ svg: svg1, name: 'frame1' }, { svg: svg2, name: 'frame2' }]);

  await page.evaluate(() => window.vm.greenFlag());
}
EOF
)"

Anti-Patterns

❌ Putting a dummy/placeholder costume in the project JSON before loadProject:

// Wrong — "blank" stays in the costume list and appears during animation
sprite.costumes = [{ name: 'blank', assetId: '00000000000000000000000000000000', ... }];

❌ Two separate page.evaluate calls (loadProject then costume injection):

// Risky — there may be a render gap between the two calls
await page.evaluate(async () => { await vm.loadProject(...); });
await page.evaluate(async () => { /* re-inject costumes */ });  // cat/? may flash here

❌ Forgetting to delete default costumes:

// Wrong — cat costumes remain; cycle becomes: frame1 → frame2 → cat1 → cat2 → ...
await vm.addCostume(...);  // added frames, but never deleted the cat

❌ Checking the count before deciding whether to delete: After loadProject the costume list may contain original cat costumes, previously injected custom costumes, or broken "?" entries from failed CDN fetches. Always delete all costumes unconditionally before adding your frames.

❌ Deleting all costumes before adding new ones (delete loop leaves last costume):

// Wrong — deleteCostume silently fails when only 1 costume remains
const count = target.getCostumes().length;
for (let i = count - 1; i >= 0; i--) target.deleteCostume(i);  // last one survives!
await vm.addCostume(...frame1...);
await vm.addCostume(...frame2...);
// Result: [costume1(cat), frame1, frame2] — cat is still there

The fix: add new costumes first, then delete old ones (see Correct Pattern above).

Using Custom Costumes with vm.loadProject()

The Problem

vm.loadProject() (used by the scratch-project-edit skill's updateSprite helper) destroys all locally-injected costumes. When the project is reloaded, Scratch tries to fetch every asset by its md5 hash from the remote CDN (api.scratch.mit.edu). Locally created assets have never been uploaded there, so the fetch fails and the costume appears as a "?" placeholder.

This affects both SVG and PNG costumes equally.

The Solution: Re-inject After loadProject (in One page.evaluate)

Save your costume data before calling loadProject, then re-inject the costumes in the same page.evaluate call immediately after. Splitting into two separate page.evaluate calls risks a render gap where the old (cat/"?") costume briefly appears.

For SVG — data is a plain string, passed as an argument to page.evaluate:

playwright-cli run-code "$(cat <<'EOF'
async (page) => {
  const svg1 = `<svg ...>...</svg>`;  // frame 1
  const svg2 = `<svg ...>...</svg>`;  // frame 2

  // Inject blocks AND re-inject costumes in one evaluate (no render gap)
  await page.evaluate(async (svgs) => {
    const vm = window.vm;
    const projectJSON = JSON.parse(vm.toJSON());
    const sprite = projectJSON.targets.find(t => !t.isStage);
    sprite.currentCostume = 0;
    sprite.blocks = { /* ... your blocks ... */ };
    await vm.loadProject(JSON.stringify(projectJSON));
    // NOTE: custom costumes are now broken/missing — fix immediately below

    const target = vm.editingTarget;
    const storage = vm.runtime.storage;

    // Record old costume count BEFORE adding new ones
    const oldCount = target.getCostumes().length;

    // Add new costumes FIRST (so the list always has >1 entry during deletion)
    for (const { svg, name } of svgs) {
      const asset = storage.createAsset(
        storage.AssetType.ImageVector,
        storage.DataFormat.SVG,
        new TextEncoder().encode(svg),
        null, true
      );
      await vm.addCostume(asset.assetId + '.svg', {
        name, dataFormat: 'svg', asset,
        md5: asset.assetId + '.svg', assetId: asset.assetId,
        bitmapResolution: 1, rotationCenterX: 50, rotationCenterY: 50
      });
    }

    // THEN delete old costumes (cat, "?", or any leftovers) from the front
    for (let i = oldCount - 1; i >= 0; i--) target.deleteCostume(i);

    target.setCostume(0);
  }, [{ svg: svg1, name: 'frame1' }, { svg: svg2, name: 'frame2' }]);
}
EOF
)"

For PNG — Uint8Array is not JSON-serializable, so convert to base64 before passing to page.evaluate, then decode inside:

playwright-cli run-code "$(cat <<'EOF'
async (page) => {
  const fs = require('fs');

  // Read PNG files and encode as base64 (JSON-serializable)
  const png1b64 = fs.readFileSync('/path/to/frame1.png').toString('base64');
  const png2b64 = fs.readFileSync('/path/to/frame2.png').toString('base64');

  // Step 1: Inject blocks via loadProject
  await page.evaluate(async () => {
    const vm = window.vm;
    const projectJSON = JSON.parse(vm.toJSON());
    const sprite = projectJSON.targets.find(t => !t.isStage);
    sprite.currentCostume = 0;
    sprite.blocks = { /* ... your blocks ... */ };
    await vm.loadProject(JSON.stringify(projectJSON));
  });

  // Step 2: Re-inject PNG costumes after loadProject
  await page.evaluate(async (pngs) => {
    const vm = window.vm;
    const target = vm.editingTarget;
    const storage = vm.runtime.storage;

    // Helper: decode base64 string to Uint8Array
    const b64ToBytes = (b64) => {
      const bin = atob(b64);
      const bytes = new Uint8Array(bin.length);
      for (let i = 0; i < bin.length; i++) bytes[i] = bin.charCodeAt(i);
      return bytes;
    };

    // Record old costume count
    const oldCount = target.getCostumes().length;

    for (const { b64, name } of pngs) {
      const bytes = b64ToBytes(b64);

      // Measure image dimensions for accurate rotation center
      const blob = new Blob([bytes], { type: 'image/png' });
      const url = URL.createObjectURL(blob);
      const img = new Image();
      await new Promise((res, rej) => { img.onload = res; img.onerror = rej; img.src = url; });
      URL.revokeObjectURL(url);

      const asset = storage.createAsset(
        storage.AssetType.ImageBitmap,
        storage.DataFormat.PNG,
        bytes,
        null, true
      );
      await vm.addCostume(asset.assetId + '.png', {
        name, dataFormat: 'png', asset,
        md5: asset.assetId + '.png', assetId: asset.assetId,
        bitmapResolution: 2,
        rotationCenterX: Math.floor(img.width / 2),
        rotationCenterY: Math.floor(img.height / 2)
      });
    }

    // Remove old broken placeholder costumes
    for (let i = oldCount - 1; i >= 0; i--) target.deleteCostume(i);
    
    target.setCostume(0);
  }, [{ b64: png1b64, name: 'frame1' }, { b64: png2b64, name: 'frame2' }]);
}
EOF
)"

Why This Works

storage.createAsset() stores the asset data in the VM's in-memory storage. This survives as long as the page is alive. After loadProject completes, calling addCostume again re-registers the asset in the new runtime's storage, making it available for rendering. This works identically for SVG and PNG.

Key Difference When Passing PNG Data to page.evaluate

Uint8Array is not JSON-serializable and cannot be passed directly as an argument to page.evaluate. Always convert PNG bytes to a base64 string first (Buffer.toString('base64') in Node.js, or btoa() in the browser), then decode back to Uint8Array inside the evaluate callback using atob().

Alternative: Inject Blocks Without loadProject

If you only need to add a few blocks and the sprite already has the right costumes, consider manipulating target.blocks directly or using the Blockly workspace API instead of loadProject. This avoids the asset loss entirely — though it is more complex for large scripts.

Key Details

SVG vs PNG: When to Use Which

	SVG	PNG
Best for	Simple shapes, icons, characters with flat colors	Photos, complex textures, pixel art, gradients
Scaling	Scales without quality loss	Fixed resolution, may blur when enlarged
Creation	Write markup as a string	Canvas drawing, file read, or fetch from URL
AssetType	ImageVector	ImageBitmap
DataFormat	SVG	PNG
bitmapResolution	1	2 (standard for Scratch HD)
Data encoding	new TextEncoder().encode(str)	Uint8Array of raw PNG bytes

bitmapResolution

Scratch uses bitmapResolution to scale bitmap costumes on the stage:

• 1 — Used for SVG. 1 image pixel = 1 stage unit.
• 2 — Standard for PNG in Scratch. The image is displayed at half its pixel dimensions on stage (2x retina). A 200x200px PNG appears as 100x100 on stage.

Always use bitmapResolution: 2 for PNG costumes to match Scratch's default behavior.

Rotation Center

The rotationCenterX and rotationCenterY values define the point the sprite rotates around and where the sprite's position (0,0) maps to in the image.

For SVG:

{
  rotationCenterX: 50,   // typically SVG width / 2
  rotationCenterY: 50    // typically SVG height / 2
}

For PNG:

// With bitmapResolution: 2, use image pixel coordinates (not halved)
{
  rotationCenterX: Math.floor(img.width / 2),   // e.g. 100 for a 200px wide image
  rotationCenterY: Math.floor(img.height / 2)
}

SVG Coordinate System

The SVG viewBox defines the coordinate space. For Scratch, center-origin viewBoxes work well:

<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"
     width="100" height="100"
     viewBox="-50 -50 100 100">
  <!-- (0,0) is now the center -->
</svg>

• width / height: the pixel dimensions of the costume
• viewBox: "minX minY width height" — use negative min values to center the origin
• Keep dimensions reasonable (50–200px). Scratch scales costumes to fit the sprite size setting.

Storage API Parameters

storage.createAsset(
  assetType,    // storage.AssetType.ImageVector (SVG) or ImageBitmap (PNG)
  dataFormat,   // storage.DataFormat.SVG, PNG, or JPG
  dataBuffer,   // Uint8Array of file content
  null,         // assetId: null to auto-generate
  true          // generateMd5: true to hash from content
);

When to Use This Pattern

• Custom characters: Creating original sprites that don't exist in the Scratch library
• Programmatic generation: Generating costumes from data (charts, patterns, procedural art)
• Multi-costume animation: Adding multiple frames for smooth animation
• Replacing default sprite: Changing the cat to a project-specific character
• External images: Loading photos or downloaded images as costumes from local files

When NOT to Use This Pattern

• Library sprites: If a suitable costume exists in the Scratch sprite library, use the scratch-sprite-library skill to add it from the UI instead
• Interactive drawing: If the user needs to draw or edit the costume themselves through the paint editor