Backend

🔧 Backend API Development Skill

Philosophy: APIs are contracts. Build them right the first time.

When to Use

Use this skill when:

• Creating a new API endpoint
• Building a new service/module
• Refactoring existing API code
• Adding new functionality to backend
• Need to follow RESTful/GraphQL best practices

Do NOT use this skill when:

• Just fixing a small bug (use debugging skill)
• Only modifying frontend (use frontend skill)
• Database-only changes (use database skill)

---

Prerequisites

Before starting:

• Requirements are clear (what the API should do)
• Understand the existing architecture
• Know the target stack (NestJS, Express, FastAPI, etc.)
• Database schema exists (or will be created)

---

Process

Phase 1: DESIGN 📐

Goal: Design the API before writing code.

Steps:

1. Define the Resource

   resource:
     name: User
     description: Represents a platform user
     domain: authentication
   

2. Design Endpoints (REST)

   endpoints:
     - method: GET
       path: /users
       description: List all users
       query_params: [page, limit, search]
       response: User[]
     
     - method: GET
       path: /users/:id
       description: Get single user
       response: User
     
     - method: POST
       path: /users
       description: Create new user
       body: CreateUserDto
       response: User
     
     - method: PUT
       path: /users/:id
       description: Update user
       body: UpdateUserDto
       response: User
     
     - method: DELETE
       path: /users/:id
       description: Delete user
       response: void
   

3. Define DTOs (Data Transfer Objects)

   // CreateUserDto
   interface CreateUserDto {
     email: string;      // required, email format
     password: string;   // required, min 8 chars
     name: string;       // required, min 2 chars
     role?: UserRole;    // optional, default: 'user'
   }
   
   // UpdateUserDto
   type UpdateUserDto = Partial<CreateUserDto>;
   
   // UserResponseDto
   interface UserResponseDto {
     id: string;
     email: string;
     name: string;
     role: UserRole;
     createdAt: DateTime;
     updatedAt: DateTime;
     // Note: password NOT included
   }
   

4. Plan Error Responses

   errors:
     - code: 400
       when: Invalid input
       response: { message, errors: [{field, message}] }
     
     - code: 401
       when: Not authenticated
       response: { message: "Unauthorized" }
     
     - code: 403
       when: Not authorized
       response: { message: "Forbidden" }
     
     - code: 404
       when: Resource not found
       response: { message: "User not found" }
     
     - code: 409
       when: Conflict (e.g., email exists)
       response: { message: "Email already registered" }
   

Output: Complete API design document.

---

Phase 2: STRUCTURE 🏗️

Goal: Set up the file structure.

NestJS Structure:

src/
└── users/
    ├── users.module.ts       # Module definition
    ├── users.controller.ts   # HTTP layer
    ├── users.service.ts      # Business logic
    ├── users.repository.ts   # Data access (optional)
    ├── dto/
    │   ├── create-user.dto.ts
    │   ├── update-user.dto.ts
    │   └── user-response.dto.ts
    ├── entities/
    │   └── user.entity.ts
    ├── guards/
    │   └── user-owner.guard.ts
    └── users.controller.spec.ts

FastAPI Structure:

app/
└── users/
    ├── __init__.py
    ├── router.py          # Routes
    ├── service.py         # Business logic
    ├── repository.py      # Data access
    ├── schemas.py         # Pydantic models
    ├── models.py          # SQLAlchemy models
    └── dependencies.py    # Dependency injection

---

Phase 3: IMPLEMENTATION 💻

Goal: Implement the API layer by layer.

Order of Implementation:

1. Entity/Model First

   // user.entity.ts
   @Entity('users')
   export class User {
     @PrimaryGeneratedColumn('uuid')
     id: string;
     
     @Column({ unique: true })
     @IsEmail()
     email: string;
     
     @Column()
     @Exclude() // Never expose password
     password: string;
     
     @Column()
     name: string;
     
     @Column({ default: 'user' })
     role: UserRole;
     
     @CreateDateColumn()
     createdAt: Date;
     
     @UpdateDateColumn()
     updatedAt: Date;
   }
   

2. DTOs with Validation

   // create-user.dto.ts
   export class CreateUserDto {
     @IsEmail()
     @Transform(({ value }) => value.toLowerCase().trim())
     email: string;
     
     @IsString()
     @MinLength(8)
     @Matches(/^(?=.*[A-Za-z])(?=.*\d)/, {
       message: 'Password must contain letters and numbers'
     })
     password: string;
     
     @IsString()
     @MinLength(2)
     @MaxLength(50)
     name: string;
     
     @IsOptional()
     @IsEnum(UserRole)
     role?: UserRole;
   }
   

3. Service Layer (Business Logic)

   // users.service.ts
   @Injectable()
   export class UsersService {
     constructor(
       @InjectRepository(User)
       private usersRepository: Repository<User>,
     ) {}
     
     async create(dto: CreateUserDto): Promise<User> {
       // Check for existing email
       const existing = await this.findByEmail(dto.email);
       if (existing) {
         throw new ConflictException('Email already registered');
       }
       
       // Hash password
       const hashedPassword = await bcrypt.hash(dto.password, 10);
       
       // Create and save
       const user = this.usersRepository.create({
         ...dto,
         password: hashedPassword,
       });
       
       return this.usersRepository.save(user);
     }
     
     async findAll(options: PaginationOptions): Promise<PaginatedResult<User>> {
       // Implementation with pagination
     }
     
     // ... other methods
   }
   

4. Controller (HTTP Layer)

   // users.controller.ts
   @Controller('users')
   @UseInterceptors(ClassSerializerInterceptor)
   export class UsersController {
     constructor(private readonly usersService: UsersService) {}
     
     @Post()
     @HttpCode(HttpStatus.CREATED)
     async create(@Body() dto: CreateUserDto): Promise<UserResponseDto> {
       const user = await this.usersService.create(dto);
       return plainToInstance(UserResponseDto, user);
     }
     
     @Get()
     @UseGuards(AuthGuard)
     async findAll(
       @Query() query: PaginationQueryDto
     ): Promise<PaginatedResult<UserResponseDto>> {
       return this.usersService.findAll(query);
     }
     
     @Get(':id')
     @UseGuards(AuthGuard)
     async findOne(@Param('id', ParseUUIDPipe) id: string): Promise<UserResponseDto> {
       const user = await this.usersService.findOne(id);
       if (!user) {
         throw new NotFoundException('User not found');
       }
       return plainToInstance(UserResponseDto, user);
     }
     
     // ... other endpoints
   }
   

---

Phase 4: SECURITY 🔒

Goal: Ensure API is secure.

Security Checklist:

1. Input Validation

   • All inputs validated with DTOs
   • Types enforced
   • Length limits set
   • Format validation (email, UUID, etc.)

2. Authentication

   • Protected routes require authentication
   • JWT or session validation
   • Token expiration handled

3. Authorization

   • Role-based access control
   • Resource ownership verified
   • Admin-only routes protected

4. Data Protection

   • Passwords hashed (bcrypt, argon2)
   • Sensitive data not logged
   • Passwords excluded from responses

5. Rate Limiting

   • Login attempts limited
   • API rate limiting in place

6. SQL Injection Prevention

   • Parameterized queries used
   • ORM used correctly
   • Raw queries avoided or sanitized

---

Phase 5: TESTING 🧪

Goal: Write comprehensive tests.

Test Types:

1. Unit Tests

   describe('UsersService', () => {
     describe('create', () => {
       it('should create a new user', async () => {
         const dto = { email: '[email protected]', ... };
         const result = await service.create(dto);
         expect(result.email).toBe(dto.email);
       });
       
       it('should hash the password', async () => {
         const dto = { password: 'plaintext', ... };
         const result = await service.create(dto);
         expect(result.password).not.toBe(dto.password);
       });
       
       it('should throw on duplicate email', async () => {
         // Setup: create user first
         await service.create({ email: '[email protected]', ... });
         
         // Act & Assert
         await expect(
           service.create({ email: '[email protected]', ... })
         ).rejects.toThrow(ConflictException);
       });
     });
   });
   

2. Integration Tests

   describe('Users API', () => {
     it('POST /users should create user', async () => {
       const response = await request(app.getHttpServer())
         .post('/users')
         .send({ email: '[email protected]', password: 'Password1', name: 'Test' })
         .expect(201);
       
       expect(response.body.email).toBe('[email protected]');
       expect(response.body.password).toBeUndefined();
     });
     
     it('GET /users should require auth', async () => {
       await request(app.getHttpServer())
         .get('/users')
         .expect(401);
     });
   });
   

---

Phase 6: DOCUMENTATION 📝

Goal: Document the API.

OpenAPI/Swagger:

@ApiTags('users')
@Controller('users')
export class UsersController {
  @Post()
  @ApiOperation({ summary: 'Create a new user' })
  @ApiResponse({ status: 201, type: UserResponseDto })
  @ApiResponse({ status: 400, description: 'Invalid input' })
  @ApiResponse({ status: 409, description: 'Email already exists' })
  async create(@Body() dto: CreateUserDto): Promise<UserResponseDto> {
    // ...
  }
}

Response DTO Documentation:

export class UserResponseDto {
  @ApiProperty({ example: '550e8400-e29b-41d4-a716-446655440000' })
  id: string;
  
  @ApiProperty({ example: '[email protected]' })
  email: string;
  
  @ApiProperty({ example: 'John Doe' })
  name: string;
}

---

Best Practices

API Design

Practice	Do	Don't
Naming	GET /users/:id/orders	GET /getUserOrders
Versioning	/api/v1/users	No versioning
Pluralization	/users, /orders	/user, /order
HTTP Methods	Use correctly (GET=read, POST=create)	POST for everything
Status Codes	201 for created, 204 for no content	200 for everything

Error Handling

// Global exception filter
@Catch()
export class AllExceptionsFilter implements ExceptionFilter {
  catch(exception: unknown, host: ArgumentsHost) {
    const ctx = host.switchToHttp();
    const response = ctx.getResponse<Response>();
    
    const status = exception instanceof HttpException
      ? exception.getStatus()
      : HttpStatus.INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR;
    
    const message = exception instanceof HttpException
      ? exception.message
      : 'Internal server error';
    
    response.status(status).json({
      statusCode: status,
      message,
      timestamp: new Date().toISOString(),
    });
  }
}

---

Guidelines

DO ✅

• Design API before coding
• Use proper HTTP methods and status codes
• Validate all inputs
• Handle errors gracefully
• Write tests first (TDD)
• Document with OpenAPI

DON'T ❌

• Expose internal IDs when UUIDs are better
• Return password or sensitive data
• Use GET for mutations
• Skip input validation
• Catch and swallow errors
• Use magic strings/numbers

---

Success Criteria

Before considering API complete:

• All endpoints implemented per design
• Input validation on all endpoints
• Authentication/Authorization in place
• Error handling comprehensive
• Unit tests with >80% coverage
• Integration tests for main flows
• API documented (OpenAPI/Swagger)
• Security checklist passed

---

Related Skills

• skills/kilo-kit/development/database/ - For data layer
• skills/kilo-kit/development/security/ - For security concerns
• skills/kilo-kit/quality/testing/ - For test coverage
• skills/kilo-kit/architecture/system-design/ - For architecture decisions

---

Backend API Development Skill v1.0.0 — APIs built right