Prompt engineering

Prompt Engineering

Patterns and techniques for crafting effective Claude prompts. Covers system prompts, few-shot learning, chain-of-thought reasoning, structured output, and prefilling.

When to Use

• User is writing or optimizing prompts for Claude
• User needs structured JSON output from Claude
• User is designing system prompts or instructions
• User wants chain-of-thought reasoning or few-shot examples
• User is building prompt templates for reuse

Core Patterns

System Prompts

System prompts set Claude's persona, constraints, and output format. Place stable instructions here; they are cached separately and can use prompt caching.

message = client.messages.create(
    model="claude-sonnet-4-6-20250514",
    max_tokens=1024,
    system="""You are a senior code reviewer. Follow these rules:
1. Focus on bugs, security issues, and performance problems.
2. Rate severity as CRITICAL, HIGH, MEDIUM, or LOW.
3. Provide a fix for each issue found.
4. If the code is clean, say "No issues found." and nothing else.""",
    messages=[{"role": "user", "content": f"Review this code:\n```\n{code}\n```"}]
)

Few-Shot Examples

Provide 2-4 input/output examples to demonstrate the exact format and reasoning you expect. Use the messages array with alternating user/assistant turns.

messages = [
    {"role": "user", "content": "Classify: 'My order never arrived and nobody responds to emails'"},
    {"role": "assistant", "content": '{"category": "shipping", "sentiment": "negative", "priority": "high"}'},
    {"role": "user", "content": "Classify: 'Love the new feature update, works great!'"},
    {"role": "assistant", "content": '{"category": "feedback", "sentiment": "positive", "priority": "low"}'},
    {"role": "user", "content": f"Classify: '{user_input}'"}
]

message = client.messages.create(
    model="claude-sonnet-4-6-20250514",
    max_tokens=256,
    messages=messages
)

Chain-of-Thought Reasoning

Ask Claude to reason step-by-step before giving a final answer. Use extended thinking for complex problems that benefit from deep reasoning.

# Extended thinking (built-in chain-of-thought)
message = client.messages.create(
    model="claude-sonnet-4-6-20250514",
    max_tokens=16000,
    thinking={
        "type": "enabled",
        "budget_tokens": 10000  # tokens allocated for reasoning
    },
    messages=[{"role": "user", "content": "Debug this function and explain the root cause:\n" + code}]
)

# Access thinking and response separately
for block in message.content:
    if block.type == "thinking":
        print("Reasoning:", block.thinking)
    elif block.type == "text":
        print("Answer:", block.text)

# Manual chain-of-thought via prompt
message = client.messages.create(
    model="claude-sonnet-4-6-20250514",
    max_tokens=2048,
    system="Think step-by-step. Show your reasoning in <reasoning> tags, then give the final answer.",
    messages=[{"role": "user", "content": "What is the time complexity of merge sort and why?"}]
)

Structured Output (JSON Mode)

Force Claude to return valid JSON by combining system instructions with prefilling.

message = client.messages.create(
    model="claude-sonnet-4-6-20250514",
    max_tokens=1024,
    system="""Extract entities from the text. Return a JSON object with this exact schema:
{
  "people": [{"name": string, "role": string}],
  "organizations": [{"name": string, "type": string}],
  "locations": [{"name": string, "context": string}]
}
Return ONLY valid JSON, no other text.""",
    messages=[
        {"role": "user", "content": f"Extract entities from: {text}"},
        {"role": "assistant", "content": "{"}  # Prefill forces JSON start
    ]
)

# Reconstruct the full JSON (prefill is not included in response)
import json
result = json.loads("{" + message.content[0].text)

Prefilling Assistant Responses

Prefill the assistant turn to control output format, language, or starting point.

# Force a specific output format
message = client.messages.create(
    model="claude-sonnet-4-6-20250514",
    max_tokens=1024,
    messages=[
        {"role": "user", "content": "Translate to French: 'Hello, how are you?'"},
        {"role": "assistant", "content": "Bonjour"}  # Forces French output
    ]
)

# Force code-only output
message = client.messages.create(
    model="claude-sonnet-4-6-20250514",
    max_tokens=2048,
    messages=[
        {"role": "user", "content": "Write a Python function to calculate fibonacci numbers."},
        {"role": "assistant", "content": "```python\n"}  # Forces code block
    ]
)

Prompt Templates

Build reusable prompt templates with clear variable boundaries using XML tags.

REVIEW_TEMPLATE = """Review the following pull request diff.

<diff>
{diff}
</diff>

<context>
Repository: {repo_name}
Language: {language}
PR Description: {pr_description}
</context>

<instructions>
1. Identify bugs, security issues, and performance problems.
2. Suggest improvements with code examples.
3. Rate overall quality: APPROVE, REQUEST_CHANGES, or COMMENT.
</instructions>"""

message = client.messages.create(
    model="claude-sonnet-4-6-20250514",
    max_tokens=4096,
    messages=[{
        "role": "user",
        "content": REVIEW_TEMPLATE.format(
            diff=diff_text,
            repo_name="my-app",
            language="TypeScript",
            pr_description="Add user authentication"
        )
    }]
)

Anti-Patterns

• Using vague instructions like "be helpful" instead of specific behavioral rules
• Putting variable content in the system prompt (defeats prompt caching)
• Providing more than 5 few-shot examples (diminishing returns, wastes tokens)
• Not using XML tags to delimit sections in complex prompts
• Asking Claude to "never" do something instead of stating what it should do
• Using temperature=1.0 for structured output (use 0.0 for deterministic JSON)
• Prefilling with invalid syntax that forces Claude into a broken output format

Quick Reference

Technique	When to Use
System prompt	Stable instructions, persona, output format
Few-shot	Classification, formatting, style matching
Chain-of-thought	Math, logic, debugging, multi-step reasoning
Extended thinking	Complex analysis, deep reasoning tasks
Prefilling	Force output format, language, code blocks
XML tags	Delimit sections in complex prompts
JSON mode	Structured data extraction, API responses

Key tips:

• Put the most important instructions at the beginning and end of the system prompt.
• Use XML tags (<context>, <instructions>, <examples>) for clear prompt structure.
• Set temperature=0 for deterministic tasks, temperature=0.5-1.0 for creative tasks.
• Prefilled content is NOT included in the response -- prepend it when parsing.