Change verification

Change Verification

Event-driven change verification skill for structured change windows. Guides baseline capture before a change, provides change execution safety patterns, performs post-change diff analysis, and supports rollback decision-making when unexpected deviations are detected.

This skill covers a single change event lifecycle (before → during → after). For ongoing configuration drift detection and compliance auditing, use the config-management skill instead.

Commands are labeled [Cisco], [JunOS], or [EOS] where syntax diverges. Unlabeled statements apply to all three vendors.

Safety Note — Read-Write Operations: This skill includes procedures that modify device state during change execution and rollback phases. Steps that write to devices are marked with ⚠️ WRITE. Always confirm authorization, change ticket approval, and maintenance window status before executing write operations. Baseline capture and post-change verification steps are read-only and safe to run at any time.

When to Use

• Planned maintenance window requiring structured pre/post verification
• Configuration change (routing policy, ACLs, interface config) with rollback plan
• Software upgrade or patch requiring before/after state comparison
• Hardware replacement (linecard, SFP, PSU) with service validation
• Circuit turn-up or decommission with adjacency and traffic verification
• Emergency change requiring rapid baseline capture and rollback readiness
• Post-change soak period with periodic re-verification against baselines

Prerequisites

• SSH or console access to all devices in the change scope (read-only for baselines; enable/configure privilege for change execution and rollback)
• Approved change ticket with documented scope, expected impact, and rollback plan including timing criteria
• Pre-identified list of devices and interfaces in the change scope
• Knowledge of expected state changes: which routes will move, which interfaces will bounce, which adjacencies will flap
• Access to a file store (flash, SCP server, or local disk) for baseline archival
• Contact information for escalation if rollback criteria are met
• See references/checklist-templates.md for per-change-type prerequisites

Procedure

Follow these steps sequentially for each change event. Steps 1–2 are always read-only. Steps 3–4 include write operations. Steps 5–6 are analytical and drive the rollback decision.

Step 1: Pre-Change Baseline Capture

Capture device state snapshots before any changes. Store outputs with timestamps for post-change comparison.

Routing state:

[Cisco]

show ip route summary
show ip bgp summary
show ip ospf neighbor

[JunOS]

show route summary
show bgp summary
show ospf neighbor

[EOS]

show ip route summary
show ip bgp summary
show ip ospf neighbor

Interface and adjacency state:

All vendors — capture interface status, error counters, and neighbor tables:

[Cisco]

show interfaces summary
show cdp neighbors
show ip arp

[JunOS]

show interfaces terse
show lldp neighbors
show arp no-resolve

[EOS]

show interfaces status
show lldp neighbors
show ip arp

Configuration and hardware:

[Cisco]

show running-config
show environment all
show inventory

[JunOS]

show configuration
show chassis environment
show chassis hardware

[EOS]

show running-config
show environment all
show inventory

⚠️ WRITE — Archive baseline config to persistent storage:

[Cisco] copy running-config flash:pre-change-[ticket]-[date].cfg [JunOS] request system configuration save /var/tmp/pre-change-[ticket].conf [EOS] copy running-config flash:pre-change-[ticket]-[date].cfg

Record baseline metrics for comparison: total route count, BGP peer count (Established), OSPF neighbor count (Full), interface error counters, and hardware sensor readings.

Step 2: Change Scope Documentation

Before executing any changes, document:

1. Change description — what configuration lines are being added, modified, or removed
2. Expected impact — which peers will flap, which routes will shift, which interfaces will bounce, expected duration of disruption
3. Rollback trigger criteria — specific thresholds that mandate rollback (see Threshold Tables below)
4. Rollback procedure — exact commands to revert (see references/cli-reference.md for vendor-specific rollback commands)
5. Success criteria — what "done" looks like: all baselines restored, intended changes visible, no unexpected deviations
6. Soak period — how long to monitor after change before declaring success

Step 3: Change Execution

⚠️ WRITE — Apply changes using commit-confirm patterns when available.

[Cisco] — No native commit-confirm. Apply changes in config mode and immediately verify. For bulk changes, use configure replace with a prepared config file.

[JunOS] — Use commit confirmed [minutes] to auto-rollback if not confirmed within the timer window. Confirm with commit after verification.

configure
# ... apply changes ...
commit confirmed 5
# ... verify ...
commit

[EOS] — Use configure session for atomic staged changes. Review before committing.

configure session change-[ticket]
# ... apply changes ...
show session-config
commit

Staged rollout for multi-device changes: Apply to one device first, verify post-change state (Step 4), then proceed to remaining devices only after the first device passes all checks.

Step 4: Post-Change Verification

Re-capture all baseline metrics from Step 1 using identical commands. Perform a structured diff against pre-change baselines.

Key comparisons:

Metric	Compare Against	Expected Outcome
Route count	Pre-change summary	Within deviation threshold
BGP peers Established	Pre-change peer list	All peers restored (or changed per plan)
OSPF neighbors Full	Pre-change neighbor list	All adjacencies restored
Interface errors	Pre-change counters	No new sustained errors
Config diff	Archived pre-change config	Only intended lines changed

Config diff verification:

[Cisco]

show archive config differences flash:pre-change-[ticket]-[date].cfg system:running-config

[JunOS]

show | compare rollback 1

[EOS]

diff running-config flash:pre-change-[ticket]-[date].cfg

Review every line in the diff output. Classify each changed line as expected (directly part of the change plan) or unexpected (not in the change scope).

Step 5: Impact Assessment

Classify all deviations from baseline into categories:

1. Expected — Intended: Changes that are the direct goal of the change window (e.g., new BGP peer appearing, old ACL removed). No action needed.
2. Expected — Side Effect: Changes caused by the intended change but not the primary goal (e.g., route count increase because a new peer is now advertising). Verify they are benign.
3. Unexpected — Minor: Deviations not related to the change scope but low severity (e.g., a single interface counter increment). Investigate but do not necessarily roll back.
4. Unexpected — Critical: Deviations indicating collateral damage (e.g., adjacency loss on an unrelated interface, route withdrawal not in change scope). Evaluate rollback immediately.

If any deviation is classified as Unexpected — Critical, proceed directly to Step 6 rollback evaluation.

Step 6: Rollback Decision

Evaluate whether to accept the change or roll back using the criteria below.

Rollback if ANY of these conditions are true:

• Service-affecting outage on interfaces/peers outside the change scope
• Route count deviation exceeds threshold AND routes are not accounted for in the change plan
• Adjacency loss persists beyond the expected convergence window
• Hardware errors (PSU, fan, temperature) emerged that were not present in baseline
• The change did not achieve its intended effect (success criteria from Step 2 not met)

Accept if ALL of these conditions are true:

• All success criteria from Step 2 are met
• Config diff contains only expected change lines
• All baseline metrics are within acceptable deviation thresholds
• No unexpected critical deviations detected
• Soak period has elapsed without regression

⚠️ WRITE — If rolling back:

[Cisco] configure replace flash:pre-change-[ticket]-[date].cfg force [JunOS] rollback 1 then commit [EOS] configure replace flash:pre-change-[ticket]-[date].cfg

After rollback, re-run Step 4 post-change verification to confirm the device has returned to its pre-change state.

Threshold Tables

Acceptable Deviation Thresholds

Metric	Normal Deviation	Warning	Rollback Trigger
IPv4 route count	±2% of baseline	±5% of baseline	>10% or unplanned loss
IPv6 route count	±2% of baseline	±5% of baseline	>10% or unplanned loss
BGP Established peers	0 lost (unless planned)	1 lost (if in scope)	≥1 lost outside scope
OSPF Full adjacencies	0 lost (unless planned)	Flap then recover <2 min	Lost >2 min
Interface errors (new)	0 new CRC/input errors	<10 in first 5 min	Sustained >10/min
Interface flaps	0 (unless planned bounce)	1 flap on in-scope intf	Any flap outside scope

Rollback Timing Thresholds

Phase	Maximum Duration	Action if Exceeded
Change execution	Per change ticket	Pause and escalate
Post-change convergence	5 minutes	Begin rollback assessment
Adjacency re-establishment	2 minutes per peer	Escalate if critical peer
Route table stabilization	3 minutes	Check for route oscillation
Soak period (minor change)	15 minutes	Declare success or investigate
Soak period (major change)	60 minutes	Declare success or investigate
Rollback execution	5 minutes	Escalate to senior engineer

Decision Trees

Post-Change Diff Contains Unexpected Lines

Config diff shows unexpected changes
├── Lines are in sections RELATED to change scope
│   ├── Side effect of intended change (e.g., auto-generated route-map sequence)
│   │   └── Classify as Expected — Side Effect → Document and accept
│   └── Unintended consequence (e.g., wrong interface affected)
│       └── Classify as Unexpected — Critical → Evaluate rollback
└── Lines are in sections UNRELATED to change scope
    ├── Timestamps, counters, or cosmetic changes (e.g., "Last configuration change")
    │   └── Classify as Expected — Side Effect → Ignore
    └── Substantive config changes (e.g., ACL modified, route-map added)
        └── Classify as Unexpected — Critical → Immediate rollback

Adjacency Loss Detected Post-Change

Neighbor/peer no longer in expected state
├── Device IS in the change scope
│   ├── Interface was intentionally bounced per change plan
│   │   ├── Adjacency recovers within timing threshold
│   │   │   └── Expected — document recovery time
│   │   └── Adjacency does NOT recover within threshold
│   │       └── Investigate → Check interface state, cable, peer config
│   └── Interface was NOT intentionally bounced
│       └── Unexpected — Critical → Check for config error → Rollback if unresolved
└── Device is NOT in the change scope
    ├── Peer is on a device that IS in scope (far-end impact)
    │   └── Expected side effect → Verify peer recovers within threshold
    └── Peer is on a device NOT in scope (unrelated)
        └── Unexpected — Critical → Unrelated failure, separate investigation

Route Count Deviation Outside Normal Threshold

Route count differs from baseline beyond ±2%
├── Change plan includes prefix addition or removal
│   ├── Deviation direction matches plan (added routes = count increase)
│   │   └── Expected — verify exact prefix matches plan
│   └── Deviation direction opposes plan (planned addition but count decreased)
│       └── Unexpected — Critical → Check BGP/OSPF process, peer state
├── Change plan does NOT include routing changes
│   ├── Deviation is <5% and routes are from in-scope device peers
│   │   └── Warning — likely convergence artifact → Monitor for 3 min
│   └── Deviation is >5% OR routes from out-of-scope sources
│       └── Unexpected — Critical → Evaluate rollback
└── Route oscillation detected (count fluctuating)
    └── Unexpected — Critical → Routing loop or flapping → Immediate rollback

Report Template

# Change Verification Report — [Ticket ID]

## Change Summary
- **Ticket:** [ID]
- **Date/Time:** [Start] — [End]
- **Devices:** [list]
- **Change Type:** [routing | switching | security | upgrade | other]
- **Executed By:** [name/team]

## Pre-Change Baseline
- Route count (IPv4/IPv6): [count]
- BGP peers Established: [count]
- OSPF adjacencies Full: [count]
- Interface errors (notable): [any]
- Config archived to: [location]

## Change Execution
- Method: [manual | commit-confirm | session | replace]
- Duration: [minutes]
- Issues during execution: [none | description]

## Post-Change Verification
- Route count (IPv4/IPv6): [count] (Δ [change])
- BGP peers Established: [count] (Δ [change])
- OSPF adjacencies Full: [count] (Δ [change])
- Interface errors (new): [count]
- Config diff lines: [expected: N, unexpected: N]

## Impact Assessment
- Expected — Intended: [list]
- Expected — Side Effect: [list]
- Unexpected — Minor: [list or none]
- Unexpected — Critical: [list or none]

## Decision
- **Result:** [ACCEPTED | ROLLED BACK | ESCALATED]
- **Rationale:** [reason]
- **Soak period:** [duration, outcome]

## Action Items
- [ ] [any follow-up tasks]

Troubleshooting

Baseline capture commands fail or return incomplete output

• Verify SSH session stability — long command outputs may be truncated by terminal buffer limits. Use terminal length 0 [Cisco/EOS] or set cli screen-length 0 [JunOS] before capture.
• Check device CPU — high CPU may cause CLI timeouts. Run show processes cpu [Cisco] / show system processes extensive [JunOS] / show processes top [EOS] to verify.
• If archival to remote storage fails, save to local flash as fallback and note the location for later retrieval.

Config diff shows excessive noise

• Filter out timestamp and comment lines that change on every config display (e.g., ! Last configuration change at ...).
• On [JunOS], show | compare rollback 1 gives clean structured diffs. On [Cisco], show archive config differences may include line-order differences that are not real changes — focus on substantive config lines.
• Use references/checklist-templates.md checklists to focus verification on change-relevant sections rather than full config comparison.

Adjacency does not recover after expected bounce

• Check interface state: show interfaces [intf] — look for down/down vs up/down to distinguish physical vs protocol issues.
• Verify the peer device accepted the change — a mismatched configuration on both sides of a link (e.g., mismatched OSPF area, BGP ASN) will prevent adjacency formation.
• Check for hold-timer expiry: OSPF default dead interval is 40s; BGP default hold time is 180s. Wait at least one full timer cycle before escalating.

Rollback command fails or produces unexpected state

• [Cisco] configure replace requires the IOS archive feature to be enabled. If unavailable, manually reverse the config changes line by line.
• [JunOS] rollback N may fail if the commit history has been cleared or the device has rebooted since the baseline commit. Use show system commit to verify available rollback points.
• [EOS] configure replace requires the replacement file to be a complete config, not a partial fragment. Verify the archived file is a full show running-config capture.
• After any rollback, re-run the full post-change verification (Step 4) to confirm the device has returned to its pre-change state.

Change window time exceeded before verification completes

• Prioritize critical services: check routing adjacencies and interface states first, defer detailed config diff analysis to after the window if services are healthy.
• If the soak period must be shortened, document the reduced observation window and schedule a follow-up verification at the next opportunity.
• Escalate if service impact is detected and the change window has closed — do not delay rollback due to window constraints if there is active service degradation.