Menus

Menus Skill

How this skill behaves (read first)

This is a generative skill. The default failure modes: catch-all dropdowns (unrelated actions dumped into one menu), deep ambiguous nesting (cascading levels users get lost in), and unordered item lists (no prioritization, no grouping, jargon labels). A menu is a curated, ordered set of related actions — when it stops being that, the fix is changing the flow, not adding levels. This skill gates:

1. Establish the action set — what actions, how related, how many, selection or command?
2. Apply the always-true core — type from structure, priority ordering, grouping, labels, states.
3. Surface the context-dependent decisions (cascading, contextual, search-in-menu, shortcuts) with trade-offs.

Then it hands off to ux-heuristics-audit, ux-accessibility-audit, ux-aesthetics-audit, and ux-microcopy-audit for validation.

Scope & composition (per docs/orchestration-policy.md §9): this skill owns menu structure and anatomy. Peers that own a sub-part (defer — each handles its sub-part if reached): ux-navigation owns where menus live in the overall navigation system (hamburger placement, mega menus, top bar vs. sidebar), and ux-selection-controls owns the choice between menus vs. radio/checkboxes for form selection.

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Step 0 — Establish the action set

Ask if not known; state the assumption if proceeding without an answer:

• Commands or selection? Triggering actions (Copy, Delete) vs. choosing values (filter options) — selection menus need selection indicators and single/multi-select decisions; command menus need verbs and possibly shortcuts.
• How many items, how related? A menu only earns its place if the items belong together. Unrelated actions → split or rethink the flow. Very long lists → search menu or a different control.
• Is there sub-structure? Real parent-child categories may justify cascading — but if children multiply, change the user flow instead.
• Platform — contextual (right-click) menus are desktop-native; multiselect menus are hard on mobile; hover states need touch equivalents.

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The always-apply core (correct for almost every case)

Pick the type from the structure of the choice

• Basic dropdown — one pick from a simple list; closes on selection.
• Single-select — mutually exclusive options with a clear selection indicator (checkmark, bold, overlay). Don't use it to launch modals or dynamic controls.
• Multiselect — checkboxes/tags for combinable options; selected items always visible and removable in the menu input — never force backtracking to deselect.
• Search menu — long lists (countries, languages): auto-suggest filtering as users type.
• Contextual menu — frequent actions for the clicked element (right-click/long-press), appearing at the pointer, options varying by target.
• Inline / overflow (⋮) menu — per-row actions in tables and lists (Edit, Delete, Download) without leaving the view.
• Cascading menu — only for genuinely categorized actions (New → document types); see the gated table.

Order and group — this is where menus are won

• Most-used items at the top. Don't hide critical options behind extra levels when space exists; working memory holds ~5–9 items, so the primary list carries the important actions, the rest go a level down or out.
• Dividers cluster related items — pale lines, not separate menus; grouping makes the list scannable without clutter.
• Scrolling is a smell: a scroll bar is mandatory if you scroll, but beyond a couple of wheel-turns of options, add search or change the flow.

Labels and icons

• Labels say what happens — short, conventional ("Paste," not "Insert"), no jargon or wordplay; truncate unavoidable long labels with tooltip access; a wrapped label is a label that needs rewriting. Test labels (card sorting) — what's clear to you confuses users.
• Leading icons before labels (LTR) — familiar, universal icons only (scissors = Cut); unfamiliar icons slow users down more than no icon.
• Familiar selection marks — checkmark or ×; nothing inventive.

States and behavior

• Hover/focus feedback on every item (subtle overlay, elevation, or border) and visible states for selected/disabled.
• Predictable open/close: opens on tap/click, closes on outside click. No surprises.
• Items ≥48×48px with comfortable padding — legibility and motor-impairment access.
• Elevation (~8dp) separates the menu from the page — it should read as a floating, actionable surface.

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The context-dependent decisions (surface, don't auto-apply)

Decision	Apply when	Avoid / adapt when	Default recommendation
Cascading menu	True parent-child action categories; desktop, with room to unfold	Many/deep children (cumbersome, overwhelming); mobile; tight layouts — check unfold space with mockups	One child level max; if it grows, restructure the flow
Contextual (right-click) menu	Desktop power workflows; element-specific frequent actions	As the only access to a function (undiscoverable); touch-first products	Context menu as accelerator; every action also reachable visibly
Search inside the menu	Long lists where scrolling is tedious	Short lists (overhead)	Add when the list exceeds a couple of scroll-turns
Keyboard shortcuts shown in the menu	Productivity tools with repeat actions (copy/cut/paste)	Inventing non-standard shortcuts; shortcut-only access	Standard shortcuts on the most common commands, displayed in the menu
Multiselect pattern	Hotkey+click, checkboxes, or tag collection — pick by audience and platform	Hotkey-based multiselect on mobile or for casual audiences	Checkboxes/tags; selections visible and removable in place
Icon-only inline menus (⋮)	Dense tables needing per-row actions	Burying the row's single most important action in the overflow	Primary row action visible; secondary actions in ⋮

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Validate the result (orchestration)

Hand-offs name each lens by its installable skill name. Invoke one only if that skill is installed; if it isn't, this skill's own core already carries these rules — proceed without it rather than blocking.

After generating or revising, hand the result to the audit lenses rather than declaring it done. These are candidate lenses — posture is set by docs/orchestration-policy.md, or route the whole thing through ux-design-review. Here, heuristics and microcopy are Tier A (auto-run); accessibility, aesthetics, information-architecture, and mobile-responsiveness are Tier B (offered) — under an existing design system aesthetics is suppressed and accessibility narrows to usage; mobile-responsiveness applies only on mobile. If the user invoked this skill for one specific thing, respect that scope.

• ux-heuristics-audit (Tier A) — recognition over recall (visible critical options), consistency of behavior, user control (easy deselection, predictable dismissal).
• ux-accessibility-audit (Tier B — offer; narrow under a design system) — keyboard navigation through items, 48px targets, contrast of labels and dividers, non-hover access to everything.
• ux-aesthetics-audit (Tier B — offer; suppress under a design system) — spacing, elevation, grouping rhythm; whether the menu reads as one clean surface.
• ux-microcopy-audit (Tier A) — label clarity, conventional verbs, truncation choices.
• ux-information-architecture-audit (Tier B — offer) — whether the menu's grouping, depth, and label system match user mental models and carry information scent; this skill structures the menu surface, IA owns the category model behind it.
• ux-mobile-responsiveness-audit (Tier B — offer; applies only on mobile) — when the context is mobile: touch targets, no hover-dependence, multiselect pattern fit.

If the audits surface a conflict (e.g., completeness vs. scannability), resolve back toward the primary task: the user opens a menu to act fast — every item competes for the same scan.

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Common do/don't patterns

❌ Don't	✅ Do
One dropdown holding every miscellaneous action	Related actions only; restructure when it stops being a set
Three levels of cascading children	One child level; if it grows, change the flow
Alphabetical order regardless of use	Most-used first; secondary items a level down
Flat list of 14 ungrouped items	Dividers clustering related actions
"Insert" when everyone says "Paste"	Conventional, tested labels
Decorative or clever icons per item	Universal icons only — or no icon
Right-click as the only way to delete	Contextual menu as accelerator, visible path exists
Deselecting requires reopening and hunting	Selected items shown and removable in place
Menu stays open on outside click	Standard open/close behavior
32px cramped rows	≥48px items with breathing room
Ship without checking	Hand off to heuristics + accessibility + aesthetics + microcopy

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Source lessons (Uxcel)

• Types of UI Menus
• Best Practices for Designing UI Menus