Review design

Pragmatic Programming

Layering: Principles layer above assess-quality (foundational framework) and are operationalized by write-code (tool/pattern picks). Use this skill when reasoning about why a design tradeoff matters; use assess-quality for the underlying quality framework; use write-code for concrete picks.

Principles from The Pragmatic Programmer (Hunt & Thomas) distilled into actionable rules for everyday development.

Core Philosophy

• Care about your craft why spend your life developing software unless you care about doing it well?
• Think critically question assumptions, challenge "because we've always done it that way"
• Be a catalyst for change show people a future they can rally around (stone soup)
• Remember the big picture don't get so absorbed in details that you forget the system as a whole (boiling frog)
• Good enough software know when to stop; perfect is the enemy of shipped

ETC: Easy to Change

The fundamental design principle. Every decision should make future change easier.

• When choosing between approaches, pick the one that's easier to change later
• If you can't decide which path is more changeable, fall back on: make it replaceable
• Decoupled code is easier to change; single-responsibility code is easier to change; well-named code is easier to change. ETC is the why behind all of them

DRY: Don't Repeat Yourself

Every piece of knowledge must have a single, unambiguous, authoritative representation within a system.

Violation	Fix
Copy-pasted logic	Extract shared function/module
Knowledge in code AND comments	Let code be the authority; remove redundant comments
Same validation in client and server	Single schema, generate both
Repeated config across environments	Template or derive from one source
Data structure duplicated across types	Single source type, derive others

• DRY applies to knowledge, not text. Two functions with identical code but representing different knowledge are not DRY violations
• Watch for DRY violations across: code, documentation, data schemas, API specs, build config

Orthogonality

Keep components independent. Changes in one should not affect others.

• Test: If I change X, how many other things must also change? Aim for zero
• Eliminate effects between unrelated things
• Avoid global/shared mutable state
• Prefer composition over inheritance
• Shy code: modules that don't reveal anything unnecessary and don't rely on other modules' implementations

Reversibility

• Don't commit to a single vendor, platform, database, or architecture prematurely
• Abstract external dependencies behind interfaces
• Prefer configuration over hard-coding
• No critical decisions should be irreversible. If they must be, document and isolate them

Tracer Bullets

Build thin, end-to-end slices that work, then iterate.

• First version connects all layers (UI to DB) with minimal functionality
• Proves the architecture works, reveals integration problems early
• Different from prototypes: tracer bullet code is kept and built upon
• Use when: requirements are vague, risk is high, or the team hasn't used the stack before

Prototypes

• Prototype to learn, then throw away the code
• Prototypes can ignore: correctness, completeness, robustness, style
• Make it absolutely clear to stakeholders that prototype code is disposable
• Prototype when exploring: architecture, new libraries, UI design, performance approaches

Estimation

Duration	Quote in
1-15 days	days
3-6 weeks	weeks
8-20 weeks	months
> 20 weeks	re-scope before estimating

• Build a model of the system, identify driving parameters, calculate
• Track your estimates vs. actuals to improve over time
• When asked for an estimate you're not ready to give: "I'll get back to you"

Design by Contract

• Define preconditions (what must be true before), postconditions (what's guaranteed after), and class invariants
• Crash early. A dead program does less damage than a crippled one
• Use assertions liberally for invariants; don't use them for normal error handling
• Lazy code: be strict in what you accept, promise as little as possible in return

Pragmatic Paranoia

• You can't write perfect software design assuming your code will fail
• Crash early rather than propagate bad state
• Use try/finally or equivalent to guarantee resource cleanup
• Assert aggressively. Leave assertions on in production when cost is low
• Don't assume; prove it with assertions and tests

Decoupling & the Law of Demeter

• Tell, Don't Ask tell objects what to do, don't query state and decide for them
• Law of Demeter a method should only call methods on: itself, its parameters, objects it creates, its direct fields
• Avoid train wrecks: a.b().c().d(). Each dot is a coupling point
• Use events/pub-sub to decouple temporal and structural dependencies
• Prefer: pass in what you need (dependency injection) over reaching out to get it (service locator)

Transforming Programming

• Think of programs as data transformations input -> pipeline of steps -> output
• Prefer pipelines of small transforms over stateful methods that mutate objects
• |> thinking: each step takes data, returns transformed data
• Reduces coupling, improves testability, makes data flow visible

Refactoring

• Refactor early and often don't let technical debt compound
• Don't live with broken windows fix bad code, bad design, and poor decisions as soon as you see them
• Refactor when you learn something new, not on a schedule
• Disciplined refactoring: keep behavior identical, test before and after, take small steps

Testing

For per-language conventions, test types, and CI strategy, see the test-code skill.

• Test your software, or your users will
• Test state coverage, not code coverage. Exercise meaningful paths, not just lines
• Use property-based testing to discover edge cases you didn't think of
• Build a test window: logging, diagnostics, hot-key status that lets you peer inside running code
• Test against contract (what it should do), not implementation (how it does it)
• Unit tests are the first users of your API. If tests are hard to write, the design is wrong

Naming

• A good name captures intent, not implementation (processedItems not list2)
• Name length should be proportional to scope. Short in small lambdas, descriptive in public APIs
• Rename when the name no longer fits. Outdated names are worse than no name
• Naming conventions are a team contract; follow them consistently

Power of Plain Text

• Keep knowledge in plain text where possible. It outlives all applications
• Config, data formats, build scripts: prefer human-readable formats
• Plain text is self-describing, easier to test, easier to diff, and version-control friendly

Domain Languages

• Write code in the vocabulary of the problem domain, not the solution domain
• Internal DSLs (fluent APIs, builder patterns) reduce the gap between spec and code
• When the same concept appears repeatedly in different forms, consider whether a mini-language would simplify things

Pragmatic Teams

• No broken windows quality is a team responsibility, not an individual one
• Automate everything: builds, tests, deployments, code formatting
• Don't outrun your headlights take small steps, get frequent feedback
• Schedule time to work ON the project (tooling, process), not just IN it