Dark mode legibility

Dark Mode Legibility

Dark mode isn't a polish-pass nice-to-have — it's a correctness concern. The most common dark-mode bugs:

• Are invisible in light mode (you'll never spot them eyeballing the simulator with default appearance)
• Only show on specific tint colors (often pale pastels, especially cream / yellow / pale orange)
• Slip through code review because the code looks identical to the light-mode case that works

This skill is a checklist for catching them.

When to Use

• Every iteration that touches colors, tints, glass surfaces, or button styles
• Once during the polish phase as a deliberate full-app pass
• After any user reports "this looks wrong" — first question: was it light or dark mode?

The First Rule

Test every screen in BOTH modes every iteration. Toggle dark mode in the simulator (Shift + Cmd + A) before claiming any UI fix is done.

If your verification loop only checks one mode, half your screens are unverified.

The Vibrancy-on-Pale-Tint Pitfall

This one is responsible for more "the Continue button is unreadable in dark mode" bugs than any other cause.

The failure mode:

1. You apply .glassProminent button style with .tint(SomePaleColor) — e.g. cream, pale yellow, pale orange
2. In light mode, the system's vibrancy treatment picks a darker contrast color for the label — looks great
3. In dark mode, the system's vibrancy picks a tinted-white — which against a cream / yellow / pale-orange pill is illegible

The fix is NOT to force .foregroundStyle(.white) everywhere — that kills vibrancy and produces flat painted-on glyphs (see the polish-and-refinement skill's glass-button rules). The fix is to override the foreground in dark mode only:

Group {
    if systemColorScheme == .dark {
        Text("Continue")
            .foregroundStyle(Color.black)
    } else {
        Text("Continue")
        // light mode: no override, system vibrancy handles it
    }
}
.font(.headline)
.frame(maxWidth: .infinity)

The Group { if/else } wrapper lets @ViewBuilder type-erase the two branches so .font() and .frame() can be attached once outside both. Cleaner than a ternary on AnyShapeStyle.

This pattern is acceptable specifically for solving dark-mode legibility on a glass button. The "never apply .foregroundStyle(.white) on glass" rule is about WHITE killing vibrancy — explicit .black for legibility is a different concern.

Semantic Colors vs Explicit Colors

Apple's semantic colors (Color.primary, Color.secondary, Color.label, Color.systemBackground, etc.) automatically adapt between modes. Use them by default for body text, secondary text, and surfaces.

You Want	Use This	Why
Body text	Color.primary	Adapts: black in light, white in dark
De-emphasized text	Color.secondary	Adapts: gray in light, lighter gray in dark
Foreground for accent surfaces	.foregroundStyle(.white) ONLY when contrast is correct in BOTH modes	Otherwise see the conditional pattern above
Background tint	Asset catalog color with light + dark variants	Defines once, adapts automatically
Hardcoded brand color	Direct Color(hex: …)	Adapt manually if needed; document in DESIGN_SYSTEM.md

If you find yourself writing Color.black or Color.white outside of:

1. The dark-mode-only override pattern above
2. A hardcoded brand element that's intentionally fixed across modes

…you probably want a semantic color or an asset-catalog color instead.

The Dark-Mode Audit Checklist

Run this every iteration that touches color, and as a deliberate pass before shipping:

• Toggle to dark mode in simulator (Shift + Cmd + A) — confirm the screen actually re-renders (sometimes a stale preview lies)
• All text legible — body, secondary, captions, button labels
• Tint color readable against both light and dark surfaces
• Glass buttons readable — especially with pale tints; see the vibrancy pitfall above
• Asset catalog colors have dark variants where needed
• Custom strokes / borders — what was a 1pt black line in light mode might need to be a 1pt gray in dark
• Images — line-art logos may need a dark variant; photos usually don't
• No hardcoded Color.white or Color.black that breaks in opposite mode (audit with grep -rn "Color\.white\|Color\.black" .)
• Shadows visible — black-on-black shadows disappear; consider a colored shadow or skip shadows in dark
• Selection / hover states — a 0.18-opacity tint over a white surface is invisible over a dark surface; bump opacity or use a different recipe
• Toasts and badges — color-coded affordances need to read against both surfaces

Token Pairs vs Single Tokens

When defining design tokens (in your DESIGN_SYSTEM.md or asset catalog):

Single token (one value, both modes): Use when:

• The semantic color already adapts (Color.primary)
• The brand requirement is "this exact color in both modes"

Token pair (separate light + dark values): Use when:

• The same semantic role needs different concrete values per mode (e.g. "primary action surface" = #3D8F5E in light, #5FB37C in dark for legibility)
• You're divergent from system semantic colors but still want adaptive behavior

Document the rationale next to each token. "Why is this a pair?" is a question every reviewer should be able to answer from the code.

Verifying Dark-Mode Fixes

After any dark-mode fix:

1. Toggle the simulator's appearance — Shift + Cmd + A
2. Take a screenshot in BOTH modes and put them side-by-side
3. Compare contrast deliberately — squint, or zoom out 50 % on your screen; legibility issues are obvious at lower visual fidelity
4. Check the AX snapshot for any conditional foreground / background — make sure both branches actually fire when the system trait changes (the verification-loop skill covers this)

For glass-button label color overrides specifically: verify by RAPIDLY toggling appearance several times. If the label flashes white before settling to black (or vice versa), your override isn't tied tightly enough to the color scheme — likely missing .id(systemColorScheme) or pulling from a stale cached environment value.

Anti-Patterns

Temptation	Why It Fails
"I'll check dark mode at the end"	The bugs you'd catch early compound; every later screen built on the bad pattern needs revisiting
.foregroundStyle(.white) on every glass button "to be safe"	Kills vibrancy; produces flat painted-on glyphs; the rule against this is in CLAUDE.md for a reason
Writing Color(red: …, green: …, blue: …) instead of using asset catalog colors	No automatic dark variant; ships a single value to both modes
Trusting the SwiftUI Preview's appearance toggle	Previews lie; verify on simulator
Skipping verification on "simple" color tweaks	The vibrancy pitfall hits "simple" tint changes; complexity is irrelevant

Verification

For this skill itself:

1. Open any screen you've already shipped
2. Toggle dark mode
3. Run through the checklist above

If you find anything, the skill paid for itself.

Time Estimate

5 minutes per screen during normal iteration. 30–60 minutes for a deliberate full-app polish pass on a 10-screen app.