Excessive agency

Excessive Agency (OWASP LLM08:2025)

What this checks

Prevents autonomous agents from taking irreversible or high-impact actions without human oversight. When an LLM can directly write files, send emails, or modify databases, a single compromised or hallucinated step can cause unrecoverable damage.

Vulnerable patterns

• Agent dispatches an irreversible action (send mail, delete record, deploy, drop table) immediately on LLM instruction with no human confirmation step
• Single LLM response authorizes a high-impact production action with no impact classification or approval gate
• Agent runs with write access to resources beyond what the task requires — no least-privilege scoping at the tool boundary
• No kill switch, pause mechanism, bounded iteration count, or audit trail for agent actions
• Tool that accepts a raw query string, shell command, or code blob built by the LLM rather than typed structured parameters

Fix immediately

Flag the vulnerable code and explain the risk. Then suggest a fix that establishes these properties:

1. Actions are classified by impact, and the classifier gates dispatch. Low-impact (reversible, narrow scope) may proceed; high-impact (irreversible, broad scope, external side effects) blocks on human approval. A classifier that's defined but never branched on is the bug this skill prevents.
2. Tool boundaries enforce an explicit allowlist of actions and resources — path prefixes, API endpoints, table names. The LLM does not choose what's allowed; the tool handler does, and rejects anything outside the list before dispatch.
3. Every executed action is audit-logged before dispatch, with enough context to reconstruct what happened: the action name, its parameters, the prompt that produced it, and the operator who approved it (if any). After-the-fact logging is insufficient — if dispatch crashes, the log is gone.
4. Irreversible actions cannot be invoked transitively through LLM-generated parameters. A tool named run_sql that accepts arbitrary queries violates this; a tool named archive_record(id) that only issues a scoped update does not.
5. When the task seems to require LLM-generated SQL, shell commands, or arbitrary code strings, redesign the tool interface. Expose typed parameters (table name, filter fields, numeric limits, path components) and reject raw strings at the handler boundary. A regex/denylist over a raw query string is bypassable through encoding, Unicode, or patterns the author didn't anticipate — it is not a substitute for a structured parameter schema.

Translate these principles to the audited file's language, agent framework, and tool-dispatch surface. Use the framework's documented approval / human-in-the-loop hook — do not invent ad-hoc confirmation prompts inside the prompt template.

Verification

Confirm these properties hold regardless of language or framework:

• Every destructive action taken by the agent is gated by an explicit human confirmation step
• Agent tools enforce a path allowlist or action allowlist at the tool boundary
• Agent loops have a bounded iteration count or a dry-run preview mode
• Irreversible actions cannot be invoked transitively via LLM-generated parameters alone

References

• CWE-272 (Least Privilege Violation)
• CWE-250 (Execution with Unnecessary Privileges)
• OWASP LLM08:2025 Excessive Agency