Vyakarana

Vyakarana (Sanskrit Grammar)

Analyze and explain Sanskrit grammatical constructions following the Paninian tradition.

Provenance & Accuracy

• Narrate: Explain if you are using a local script (sandhi.py), a web lookup (Ashtadhyayi.com), or your own inference.
• Verify: Check derived rules against references/sandhi.md or web sources. If a Sutra is not verified, describe the rule phonetically (e.g., "Guṇa: a + i = e") without inventing a Sutra number.
• Label: Clearly mark inferred derivations or simplified analogies (e.g., "This is a simplified explanation...").

Analysis Workflow

When analyzing a word or explaining grammar:

1. Identify the Word Type

• Subanta (nominal): Ends in a case suffix (सुप्)
• Tiganta (verbal): Ends in a verbal suffix (तिङ्)
• Avyaya (indeclinable): No inflection

2. For Subanta (Nominals)

प्रकृति (stem) + प्रत्यय (suffix) = पद (word)

Identify:

• Pratipadika (nominal stem)
• Linga (gender): पुंल्लिङ्ग, स्त्रीलिङ्ग, नपुंसकलिङ्ग
• Vacana (number): एकवचन, द्विवचन, बहुवचन
• Vibhakti (case): प्रथमा through सप्तमी + सम्बोधन

3. For Tiganta (Verbals)

धातु (root) + विकरण (class marker) + तिङ् प्रत्यय (personal ending)

Identify:

• Dhatu (root) with gana (class 1-10)
• Lakara (tense/mood): लट्, लिट्, लुट्, etc.
• Pada (voice): परस्मैपद, आत्मनेपद, उभयपद
• Purusha (person): प्रथम, मध्यम, उत्तम
• Vacana (number)

4. For Samasa (Compounds)

Break down showing:

• Component words (पूर्वपद, उत्तरपद)
• Compound type (see references/samasa.md)
• Vigrahavakya (dissolution)

5. Apply Sandhi Rules

When forms combine, identify:

• Type of sandhi (स्वर, व्यञ्जन, विसर्ग)
• Rule applied
• Original forms

Quick Reference Tables

Vibhakti (Case) Meanings

Case	Name	Karaka	Meaning	Markers
1	प्रथमा	कर्ता	subject, nominative	-स्, -औ, -अस्
2	द्वितीया	कर्म	object, accusative	-अम्, -औ, -अस्
3	तृतीया	करण	by/with, instrumental	-आ, -भ्याम्, -भिस्
4	चतुर्थी	सम्प्रदान	to/for, dative	-ए, -भ्याम्, -भ्यस्
5	पञ्चमी	अपादान	from, ablative	-अस्, -भ्याम्, -भ्यस्
6	षष्ठी	सम्बन्ध	of, genitive	-अस्, -ओस्, -आम्
7	सप्तमी	अधिकरण	in/on/at, locative	-इ, -ओस्, -सु

Lakara (Tense/Mood) Overview

Lakara	Name	Usage
लट्	वर्तमान	Present tense
लङ्	अनद्यतन भूत	Past (not today)
लुङ्	सामान्य भूत	Aorist (general past)
लिट्	परोक्ष भूत	Perfect (unwitnessed past)
लुट्	अनद्यतन भविष्यत्	Periphrastic future
लृट्	सामान्य भविष्यत्	Simple future
लोट्	आज्ञा	Imperative
विधिलिङ्	विधि	Optative (should)
आशीर्लिङ्	आशीः	Benedictive (blessing)
लृङ्	सङ्केत	Conditional

Scripts

Utility scripts in shared/scripts/. Libraries: indic-transliteration, sanskrit_parser, vidyut.

cd shared/scripts
uv sync

Usage

# Transliteration
uv run python transliterate.py "संस्कृतम्" devanagari iast  # → saṃskṛtam
uv run python transliterate.py "rāma" iast devanagari       # → राम

# Sandhi
uv run python sandhi.py --split "devālayaḥ"
uv run python sandhi.py --join "deva" "ālaya"  # → devālaya

# Prakriya (Derivation)
uv run python prakriya.py subanta rAma Pum Prathama Eka
uv run python prakriya.py tinanta gam 1 Kartari Prathama Eka Lat

# Dhatu lookup
uv run python dhatu.py bhū
uv run python dhatu.py --gana 1
uv run python dhatu.py --search "to go"

References

For detailed rules, see:

• references/sandhi.md - Euphonic combination rules
• references/samasa.md - Compound types with examples
• references/vibhakti.md - Declension paradigms
• references/dhatu.md - Common verbal roots by gana
• references/pratyaya.md - Krit and Taddhita suffixes
• references/lakara.md - Conjugation paradigms

Example Analysis

Word: गच्छति

Analysis:

धातु: √गम् (गतौ) - 1st gana (भ्वादि)
विकरण: शप् (→ अ)
लकार: लट् (वर्तमान)
पद: परस्मैपद
पुरुष: प्रथम
वचन: एकवचन

Formation: गम् + शप् + ति
           गम् + अ + ति
           गच्छ् + अ + ति  (गम् takes the present stem गच्छ्)
           = गच्छति

Word: राज्ञः

Analysis:

प्रातिपदिक: राजन् (m. king)
लिङ्ग: पुंल्लिङ्ग
वचन: एकवचन
विभक्ति: षष्ठी (genitive) OR पञ्चमी (ablative)

Formation: राजन् + अस् (षष्ठी/पञ्चमी एकवचन)
           राज् + ञ् + अस् (न् → ञ् before अस्)
           = राज्ञस् → राज्ञः (विसर्ग)

Compound: नीलोत्पलम्

Analysis:

समास: कर्मधारय (विशेषणपूर्वपद)
विग्रह: नीलम् उत्पलम् (a blue lotus)
पूर्वपद: नील (adj. blue)
उत्तरपद: उत्पल (n. lotus)
सन्धि: नील + उत्पल → नीलोत्पल (गुण सन्धि: अ + उ = ओ)

Related Skills

Need	Use
Full verse analysis	sloka
Word meanings, synonyms	kosha
Literary context	sahitya
Shared scripts/references	shared