Scale benchmarks

MONOPOLY — Scale Benchmarks & Estimation Formulas

When to Use

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Quick Estimation Formulas

User → RPS Conversion

Requests per second (avg) = DAU × avg_requests_per_user_per_day / 86400
Requests per second (peak) = avg_RPS × peak_multiplier

Peak multipliers by app type:
  Social media:      5–10×
  E-commerce:        3–5× (higher during sales)
  News / media:      10–20× (breaking news spike)
  B2B SaaS:          2–3× (business hours spike)
  Gaming:            5–15× (event-driven)

Storage Estimation

Storage per day    = requests_per_day × avg_payload_size
Storage per year   = storage_per_day × 365
With replication   = storage_per_year × replication_factor (3× typical)
With CDN/cache     = reduce by cache_hit_ratio (80% hit = 20% origin load)

Common payload sizes:
  Tweet / short text:    500B
  Social post with text: 2KB
  Profile data:          5KB
  Image (compressed):    200KB–2MB
  Video (per minute):    50MB (720p), 150MB (1080p)
  API JSON response:     1–20KB

Bandwidth Estimation

Inbound bandwidth  = avg_request_size × RPS
Outbound bandwidth = avg_response_size × RPS

Convert: 1 Gbps = 125 MB/s
         10 Gbps = 1.25 GB/s

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Known Scale Limits of Common Technologies

Databases

Technology	Single Node Writes	Reads (with replicas)	Recommended Shard/Cluster Trigger
PostgreSQL	~5K–20K writes/s	~50K–200K reads/s	>5TB data or >20K writes/s
MySQL	~10K–25K writes/s	~60K–250K reads/s	>5TB or >25K writes/s
MongoDB	~20K–50K writes/s	~50K–100K reads/s	>100GB or >50K writes/s
Cassandra	~200K–1M writes/s	~200K–500K reads/s	Almost never needs explicit sharding
DynamoDB	Unlimited (managed)	Unlimited (managed)	Use provisioned capacity mode
Redis	~500K–1M ops/s	Same	>50GB data or cluster needed
Elasticsearch	~10K–50K docs/s	~1K–10K queries/s	>100M documents per index

Queues / Streams

Technology	Max Throughput	Max Consumers	Retention
Kafka	1M+ msgs/s per cluster	Unlimited consumer groups	Configurable (days–forever)
RabbitMQ	~50K–100K msgs/s	Limited by connections	Until consumed
SQS Standard	Unlimited (AWS-managed)	Unlimited	14 days
SQS FIFO	3K msgs/s per queue	Per group	14 days
Redis Pub/Sub	~1M msgs/s	Limited by subscribers	None (fire-and-forget)

Caching

Technology	Max Memory (single)	Max Throughput	Latency
Redis	~1TB RAM	~1M ops/s	<1ms
Memcached	~64GB RAM	~1M ops/s	<1ms
In-process (Caffeine/Guava)	JVM heap	Unlimited (local)	<0.1ms

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Capacity Planning by User Scale

1K DAU

Avg RPS:       ~1–5 RPS
Peak RPS:      ~10–50 RPS
DB size/year:  ~10–50GB
Infra needed:  Single server, managed DB (RDS t3.medium), basic CDN
Monthly cost:  $50–200

10K DAU

Avg RPS:       ~10–50 RPS
Peak RPS:      ~100–500 RPS
DB size/year:  ~100–500GB
Infra needed:  2–4 app servers, RDS r5.large, Redis t3.medium, CDN
Monthly cost:  $300–800

100K DAU

Avg RPS:       ~100–500 RPS
Peak RPS:      ~1K–5K RPS
DB size/year:  ~1–5TB
Infra needed:  ASG (5–10 app servers), RDS r5.xlarge + 2 replicas, Redis cluster, CDN, ALB
Monthly cost:  $2K–8K

1M DAU

Avg RPS:       ~1K–5K RPS
Peak RPS:      ~10K–50K RPS
DB size/year:  ~10–50TB
Infra needed:  ASG (20–50 servers), DB sharding or Aurora, Redis cluster, Kafka, CDN, WAF
Monthly cost:  $20K–80K

10M DAU

Avg RPS:       ~10K–50K RPS
Peak RPS:      ~100K–500K RPS
DB size/year:  ~100–500TB
Infra needed:  Multi-region, microservices, distributed DB (Cassandra/CockroachDB), full CDN, dedicated SRE
Monthly cost:  $200K–2M+

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Common SLO Targets

Tier	Availability	Monthly Downtime Allowed
99%	Basic	7.2 hours/month
99.9% (three nines)	Standard production	43.8 minutes/month
99.95%	Important services	21.9 minutes/month
99.99% (four nines)	Critical services	4.38 minutes/month
99.999% (five nines)	Telecom / payments	26 seconds/month

Achieving four nines requires: Multi-AZ deployment, automated failover, zero-downtime deploys, chaos engineering, 24/7 on-call.

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Latency Budget Guidelines

User perceived latency targets:
  < 100ms  → Feels instant
  100–300ms → Acceptable for most interactions
  300ms–1s → Noticeable; optimize if possible
  > 1s     → Frustrating; unacceptable for critical paths

Network latency by distance (approximate):
  Same datacenter:    0.5ms
  Same region (AZ):   1–2ms
  Cross-region US:    30–60ms
  US to Europe:       80–120ms
  US to Asia:         150–250ms

Database query targets:
  Simple key-value:   < 1ms (cache)
  Simple DB query:    < 5ms
  Complex query:      < 50ms
  Reporting query:    < 500ms (async if > 1s)

Limitations

• This is a reference document and may not cover all edge cases. Always verify architectures before production.