Go

Go

Purpose

Write Go that is boring in the best sense: explicit errors, bounded concurrency, small interfaces, and tests that read like a specification.

When to Use

• Building HTTP services, gRPC servers, or CLI tools in Go.
• Reviewing Go code for concurrency correctness or leaked goroutines.
• Designing package boundaries and interfaces.
• Diagnosing performance with pprof or the race detector.

Capabilities

• Idiomatic error handling: wrapping, errors.Is, errors.As, sentinel errors.
• Concurrency: contexts, worker pools, errgroup, channel patterns, graceful shutdown.
• Interface design at the point of consumption.
• Table-driven tests, golden files, fuzzing, benchmarks.
• Profiling with pprof; escape analysis and allocation reduction.

Inputs

• Package path or module.
• Go version (default: latest stable).
• Concurrency and latency requirements.

Outputs

• Code that passes go vet, staticcheck, and go test -race.
• Table-driven tests covering error paths.
• A shutdown path that drains work and honors context cancellation.

Workflow

1. Define the contract — Types and function signatures first. Errors are part of the signature.
2. Implement the happy path — Then handle every error explicitly. No _ = err.
3. Bound concurrency — Every goroutine has an owner, a cancellation path, and a place its error is read.
4. Test the table — Cases as data, including the error cases.
5. Gate — go vet ./..., staticcheck ./..., go test -race ./....

Best Practices

• Accept interfaces, return structs. Define the interface in the consuming package, not the producing one.
• Wrap errors with context: fmt.Errorf("load user %s: %w", id, err). Wrap once per layer, no more.
• Pass context.Context as the first parameter to anything that does I/O. Never store it in a struct.
• A goroutine started without a way to stop it is a leak. Use errgroup.WithContext for anything fan-out.
• Do not use panic for control flow. It is for programmer error only.
• Preallocate slices when the size is known: make([]T, 0, n).

Examples

Bounded fan-out with error propagation:

func FetchAll(ctx context.Context, ids []string, limit int) ([]User, error) {
    g, ctx := errgroup.WithContext(ctx)
    g.SetLimit(limit)

    users := make([]User, len(ids))
    for i, id := range ids {
        i, id := i, id
        g.Go(func() error {
            u, err := fetch(ctx, id)
            if err != nil {
                return fmt.Errorf("fetch user %s: %w", id, err)
            }
            users[i] = u
            return nil
        })
    }
    if err := g.Wait(); err != nil {
        return nil, err
    }
    return users, nil
}

Table-driven test including failures:

func TestParseDuration(t *testing.T) {
    tests := map[string]struct {
        in      string
        want    time.Duration
        wantErr error
    }{
        "seconds":     {in: "30s", want: 30 * time.Second},
        "empty":       {in: "", wantErr: ErrEmptyInput},
        "bad unit":    {in: "5 fortnights", wantErr: ErrUnknownUnit},
    }
    for name, tc := range tests {
        t.Run(name, func(t *testing.T) {
            got, err := ParseDuration(tc.in)
            if !errors.Is(err, tc.wantErr) {
                t.Fatalf("err = %v, want %v", err, tc.wantErr)
            }
            if got != tc.want {
                t.Errorf("got %v, want %v", got, tc.want)
            }
        })
    }
}

Notes

• go test -race catches data races only on code paths it actually executes. Race-test the concurrent paths deliberately.
• Since Go 1.22, loop variables are per-iteration; the i, id := i, id shadowing above is redundant on 1.22+ but harmless and still required on older versions.
• Generics are useful for containers and constraints, not as a substitute for interfaces.