Neo4j security skill

When to Use

• Creating, altering, suspending, or dropping users
• Creating roles, granting/revoking role membership
• Granting/denying/revoking graph, database, or DBMS privileges
• Inspecting current privileges (SHOW PRIVILEGES)
• Implementing property-level access control (read/write per property)
• Setting up ABAC rules against OIDC claims
• Referencing LDAP/SSO auth provider configuration

When NOT to Use

• Writing Cypher queries against application data → neo4j-cypher-skill
• Cluster ops, backups, server config → neo4j-cli-tools-skill
• Driver connection setup → neo4j-driver-*-skill

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MCP Write Gate — MANDATORY

Before executing ANY of the following, show the planned command and wait for explicit confirmation:

• CREATE USER / ALTER USER / DROP USER
• CREATE ROLE / DROP ROLE
• GRANT / DENY / REVOKE (any privilege)
• CREATE AUTH RULE / DROP AUTH RULE

Never auto-execute privilege changes. Show exact Cypher, annotate impact, get "yes".

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Execution Context

All security Cypher runs against the system database:

// Neo4j auto-routes CREATE/ALTER/SHOW USER|ROLE|PRIVILEGE to system
// If using cypher-shell: cypher-shell -d system
// If using driver: use database="system"

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1. User Management

Create user

CREATE USER alice SET PASSWORD 'secret' CHANGE NOT REQUIRED;
// CHANGE REQUIRED (default): forces password change on first login
// CHANGE NOT REQUIRED: password valid immediately
// SET STATUS ACTIVE (default) | SUSPENDED

Parameterised password (preferred in scripts)

CREATE USER $username SET PASSWORD $password CHANGE NOT REQUIRED;

Alter user

ALTER USER alice SET PASSWORD $newPw CHANGE NOT REQUIRED;
ALTER USER alice SET STATUS SUSPENDED;          // lock account
ALTER USER alice SET STATUS ACTIVE;             // unlock
ALTER USER alice SET HOME DATABASE mydb;        // default db on connect
ALTER USER alice IF EXISTS SET PASSWORD $pw;    // safe if missing

Show users

SHOW USERS YIELD username, roles, passwordChangeRequired, suspended, homeDatabase
WHERE suspended = false
RETURN username, roles ORDER BY username;

Drop user

DROP USER alice IF EXISTS;

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2. Role Management

Create / drop role

CREATE ROLE analyst;
CREATE ROLE analyst IF NOT EXISTS;
DROP ROLE analyst IF EXISTS;

Assign / remove roles

GRANT ROLE analyst TO alice;
GRANT ROLE analyst, writer TO alice, bob;   // bulk
REVOKE ROLE analyst FROM alice;

Inspect roles

SHOW ROLES YIELD role, member ORDER BY role;
SHOW ROLE analyst PRIVILEGES AS COMMANDS;   // returns runnable GRANT commands
SHOW POPULATED ROLES YIELD role;            // only roles with members

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3. Privilege Decision Table

Goal	Command
Allow db connection	GRANT ACCESS ON DATABASE mydb TO analyst
Read all graph data	GRANT MATCH {*} ON GRAPH mydb ELEMENTS * TO analyst
Read specific label	GRANT MATCH {*} ON GRAPH mydb NODES Person TO analyst
Read specific rel type	GRANT MATCH {*} ON GRAPH mydb RELATIONSHIPS KNOWS TO analyst
Read one property	GRANT READ {email} ON GRAPH mydb NODES Person TO analyst
Traverse but hide properties	GRANT TRAVERSE ON GRAPH mydb NODES Person TO analyst
Write (create/set)	GRANT WRITE ON GRAPH mydb TO writer
Create nodes only	GRANT CREATE ON GRAPH mydb NODES Person TO writer
Delete nodes only	GRANT DELETE ON GRAPH mydb NODES Person TO writer
Execute procedure	GRANT EXECUTE PROCEDURE apoc.* TO analyst
Execute function	GRANT EXECUTE USER DEFINED FUNCTION apoc.* TO analyst
All on one db	GRANT ALL ON DATABASE mydb TO dba
Full DBMS admin	GRANT ALL ON DBMS TO dba
Manage users	GRANT USER MANAGEMENT ON DBMS TO secadmin
Manage roles	GRANT ROLE MANAGEMENT ON DBMS TO secadmin
Schema changes	GRANT CREATE ELEMENT TYPES ON DATABASE mydb TO schemaadmin

DENY overrides GRANT

// Analyst can read Person but NOT the ssn property
GRANT MATCH {*} ON GRAPH mydb NODES Person TO analyst;
DENY  READ {ssn} ON GRAPH mydb NODES Person TO analyst;

REVOKE removes a specific grant or deny

REVOKE GRANT READ {email} ON GRAPH mydb NODES Person FROM analyst;
REVOKE DENY  READ {ssn}   ON GRAPH mydb NODES Person FROM analyst;
REVOKE MATCH {*} ON GRAPH mydb NODES Person FROM analyst;  // removes both grant+deny

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4. Common Role Patterns

Read-only analyst

CREATE ROLE analyst IF NOT EXISTS;
GRANT ACCESS            ON DATABASE mydb TO analyst;
GRANT MATCH {*}         ON GRAPH mydb ELEMENTS * TO analyst;
GRANT EXECUTE PROCEDURE apoc.* TO analyst;

Write role (no admin)

CREATE ROLE writer IF NOT EXISTS;
GRANT ACCESS  ON DATABASE mydb TO writer;
GRANT MATCH {*} ON GRAPH mydb ELEMENTS * TO writer;
GRANT WRITE   ON GRAPH mydb TO writer;

Read-only on specific labels only

CREATE ROLE limited_reader IF NOT EXISTS;
GRANT ACCESS    ON DATABASE mydb TO limited_reader;
GRANT TRAVERSE  ON GRAPH mydb ELEMENTS * TO limited_reader;      // can traverse
GRANT MATCH {*} ON GRAPH mydb NODES Person TO limited_reader;    // Person props visible
GRANT MATCH {*} ON GRAPH mydb NODES Company TO limited_reader;   // Company props visible
// Other labels: traversable but properties invisible

DBA role (full admin)

CREATE ROLE dba IF NOT EXISTS;
GRANT ALL ON DBMS     TO dba;
GRANT ALL ON DATABASE * TO dba;

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5. Property-Level Access Control (Enterprise)

Restrict read access to individual properties:

// Grant read on all Person props, then deny sensitive ones
GRANT MATCH {*}   ON GRAPH mydb NODES Person TO analyst;
DENY  READ {ssn, dateOfBirth} ON GRAPH mydb NODES Person TO analyst;

Property-based pattern matching (sub-graph access):

// Only see Person nodes where classification = 'public'
GRANT MATCH {*} ON GRAPH mydb
  FOR (n:Person) WHERE n.classification = 'public'
  TO analyst;

// Block access to classified nodes
DENY MATCH {*} ON GRAPH mydb
  FOR (n) WHERE n.classification <> 'UNCLASSIFIED'
  TO regularUsers;

Constraints:

• FOR pattern applies to read privileges only — not write
• Each property-based privilege restricted by a single property
• Performance overhead scales with number of rules; TRAVERSE rules cost more than READ
• Ensure the property used for rules cannot be modified by the restricted role

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6. ABAC — Attribute-Based Access Control (Enterprise + OIDC)

ABAC grants roles dynamically from JWT/OIDC claims rather than explicit GRANT ROLE ... TO user.

Prerequisites

# neo4j.conf
dbms.security.abac.authorization_providers=<oidc-provider-alias>

Create auth rule

CREATE AUTH RULE salesRule
  SET CONDITION abac.oidc.user_attribute('department') = 'sales';

GRANT ROLE analyst TO AUTH RULE salesRule;

Compound conditions

CREATE OR REPLACE AUTH RULE seniorRule
  SET CONDITION abac.oidc.user_attribute('department') = 'engineering'
    AND abac.oidc.user_attribute('level') >= 5;

GRANT ROLE senior_engineer TO AUTH RULE seniorRule;

Manage auth rules

SHOW AUTH RULES YIELD ruleName, condition, roles;
ALTER AUTH RULE salesRule SET ENABLED false;     // disable without dropping
RENAME AUTH RULE salesRule TO salesDeptRule;
DROP AUTH RULE salesDeptRule;
REVOKE ROLE analyst FROM AUTH RULE salesRule;

Native users [2026.06+]: tag native DB users and match tags in rules via abac.native.user_tags() — no OIDC required:

CREATE AUTH RULE nativeSalesRule
  SET CONDITION 'sales' IN abac.native.user_tags();
GRANT ROLE analyst TO AUTH RULE nativeSalesRule;

Notes:

• Missing claims evaluate to NULL → rule condition false → role not granted
• Rules apply immediately to existing sessions when claims are already loaded
• OIDC claims via abac.oidc.user_attribute(); native user tags via abac.native.user_tags() [2026.06+]; LDAP not supported
• User-defined functions rejected in PBAC property-rule predicates [2026.06+]

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7. SHOW PRIVILEGES Patterns

// All privileges in the system
SHOW PRIVILEGES YIELD *;

// Privileges for a specific user (as runnable commands)
SHOW USER alice PRIVILEGES AS COMMANDS;

// Privileges for a specific role
SHOW ROLE analyst PRIVILEGES YIELD privilege, action, resource, graph, segment;

// Find who has access to a database
SHOW PRIVILEGES YIELD *
WHERE graph = 'mydb'
RETURN role, action, resource, segment ORDER BY role;

// Find all DENY rules
SHOW PRIVILEGES YIELD *
WHERE access = 'DENIED'
RETURN role, action, resource, segment;

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8. Built-in Roles (do not drop)

Role	Scope
admin	Full DBMS + all databases
architect	Schema changes + write on all databases
publisher	Write on all databases
editor	Write excluding schema changes
reader	Read-only on all databases
public	All users implicitly; default home database access

Assign built-in roles: GRANT ROLE reader TO alice;

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9. Auth Provider Config Reference (operational — not Cypher)

Native (default)

dbms.security.auth_enabled=true
dbms.security.auth_max_failed_attempts=3    # lockout threshold

LDAP

dbms.security.auth_provider=ldap
dbms.security.ldap.host=ldap://ldap.example.com
dbms.security.ldap.authentication.mechanism=simple
dbms.security.ldap.authentication.user_dn_template=uid={0},ou=users,dc=example,dc=com
dbms.security.ldap.authorization.group_membership_attributes=memberOf
dbms.security.ldap.authorization.group_to_role_mapping=\
  "cn=analysts,ou=groups,dc=example,dc=com" = analyst;\
  "cn=admins,ou=groups,dc=example,dc=com"   = admin

OIDC / SSO (Okta, Auth0, Entra ID)

dbms.security.oidc.<alias>.display_name=Okta
dbms.security.oidc.<alias>.auth_flow=pkce
dbms.security.oidc.<alias>.well_known_discovery_uri=https://example.okta.com/.well-known/openid-configuration
dbms.security.oidc.<alias>.audience=neo4j
dbms.security.oidc.<alias>.claims.username=email
dbms.security.oidc.<alias>.claims.groups=groups
dbms.security.oidc.<alias>.authorization.group_to_role_mapping=\
  "neo4j-analysts" = analyst;\
  "neo4j-admins"   = admin

Config changes require server restart. Roles referenced in mappings must exist in Neo4j (native or created via Cypher).

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Checklist — New Role Setup

• Determine required operations: read / write / admin
• Identify target database(s) and graph scope (all labels vs specific)
• Identify any properties that must be hidden (→ DENY READ)
• Create role: CREATE ROLE ... IF NOT EXISTS
• Grant ACCESS on database
• Grant MATCH / TRAVERSE / WRITE as needed
• Apply DENY for restricted properties
• Run SHOW ROLE ... PRIVILEGES AS COMMANDS to verify
• Assign to users: GRANT ROLE ... TO ...
• Test with SHOW USER ... PRIVILEGES AS COMMANDS

Full privilege syntax → references/privilege-reference.md