Add seo

Add SEO

Adds comprehensive SEO to a Next.js project using zero external dependencies. Uses Next.js built-in metadata API, file conventions, and next/og for dynamic Open Graph images.

What Gets Created

File	Purpose
lib/metadata.ts	Shared metadata defaults and createMetadata helper
app/sitemap.ts	Dynamic sitemap (auto-served at /sitemap.xml)
app/robots.ts	Robots.txt config (auto-served at /robots.txt)
app/opengraph-image.tsx	Dynamic OG image generation
lib/structured-data.tsx	Reusable JSON-LD component

Prerequisites

• Next.js 15+ project (App Router)
• TypeScript configured

Installation

No packages required. Everything uses Next.js built-in APIs.

Optionally, for type-safe JSON-LD schemas:

bun add -D schema-dts

Setup Steps

1. Create Shared Metadata Defaults

Create lib/metadata.ts:

import type { Metadata } from "next";

const SITE_NAME = "My App";
const SITE_DESCRIPTION = "A Next.js application";
const SITE_URL = process.env.NEXT_PUBLIC_SITE_URL ?? "https://example.com";

export const siteConfig = {
  name: SITE_NAME,
  description: SITE_DESCRIPTION,
  url: SITE_URL,
} as const;

export const sharedMetadata: Metadata = {
  metadataBase: new URL(siteConfig.url),
  title: {
    default: siteConfig.name,
    template: `%s | ${siteConfig.name}`,
  },
  description: siteConfig.description,
  applicationName: siteConfig.name,
  authors: [{ name: siteConfig.name }],
  formatDetection: {
    telephone: false,
  },
  openGraph: {
    type: "website",
    siteName: siteConfig.name,
    title: {
      default: siteConfig.name,
      template: `%s | ${siteConfig.name}`,
    },
    description: siteConfig.description,
    url: siteConfig.url,
    locale: "en_US",
  },
  twitter: {
    card: "summary_large_image",
    title: {
      default: siteConfig.name,
      template: `%s | ${siteConfig.name}`,
    },
    description: siteConfig.description,
  },
  robots: {
    index: true,
    follow: true,
    googleBot: {
      index: true,
      follow: true,
      "max-video-preview": -1,
      "max-image-preview": "large",
      "max-snippet": -1,
    },
  },
};

export function createMetadata({
  title,
  description,
  path = "",
  image,
}: {
  title?: string;
  description?: string;
  path?: string;
  image?: string;
}): Metadata {
  const url = `${siteConfig.url}${path}`;

  return {
    title,
    description,
    alternates: {
      canonical: url,
    },
    openGraph: {
      title,
      description,
      url,
      ...(image && {
        images: [{ url: image, width: 1200, height: 630, alt: title }],
      }),
    },
    twitter: {
      title,
      description,
      ...(image && { images: [image] }),
    },
  };
}

2. Update Root Layout

Update app/layout.tsx to use shared metadata:

import type { Viewport } from "next";
import { sharedMetadata } from "@/lib/metadata";

export const metadata = sharedMetadata;

export const viewport: Viewport = {
  themeColor: [
    { media: "(prefers-color-scheme: light)", color: "#ffffff" },
    { media: "(prefers-color-scheme: dark)", color: "#000000" },
  ],
};

Note: themeColor must be in the viewport export, not metadata.

3. Create Sitemap

Create app/sitemap.ts:

import type { MetadataRoute } from "next";
import { siteConfig } from "@/lib/metadata";

export default function sitemap(): MetadataRoute.Sitemap {
  const routes = ["", "/about"].map((route) => ({
    url: `${siteConfig.url}${route}`,
    lastModified: new Date(),
    changeFrequency: "weekly" as const,
    priority: route === "" ? 1 : 0.8,
  }));

  return routes;
}

For large sites with dynamic content, use generateSitemaps for sitemap index:

import type { MetadataRoute } from "next";
import { siteConfig } from "@/lib/metadata";

export async function generateSitemaps() {
  // Return an array of sitemap IDs
  return [{ id: "pages" }, { id: "posts" }];
}

export default async function sitemap(props: {
  id: Promise<string>;
}): Promise<MetadataRoute.Sitemap> {
  const id = await props.id;

  if (id === "pages") {
    return [
      {
        url: siteConfig.url,
        lastModified: new Date(),
        changeFrequency: "weekly",
        priority: 1,
      },
    ];
  }

  // Fetch dynamic content for other sitemap segments
  // const posts = await getPosts()
  return [];
}

4. Create Robots.txt

Create app/robots.ts:

import type { MetadataRoute } from "next";
import { siteConfig } from "@/lib/metadata";

export default function robots(): MetadataRoute.Robots {
  return {
    rules: [
      {
        userAgent: "*",
        allow: "/",
        disallow: ["/api/", "/private/"],
      },
    ],
    sitemap: `${siteConfig.url}/sitemap.xml`,
    host: siteConfig.url,
  };
}

5. Create Dynamic OG Image

Create app/opengraph-image.tsx:

import { ImageResponse } from "next/og";

export const alt = "My App";
export const size = { width: 1200, height: 630 };
export const contentType = "image/png";

export default function OGImage() {
  return new ImageResponse(
    <div
      style={{
        fontSize: 64,
        background: "linear-gradient(135deg, #000000 0%, #333333 100%)",
        color: "white",
        width: "100%",
        height: "100%",
        display: "flex",
        flexDirection: "column",
        alignItems: "center",
        justifyContent: "center",
        padding: 48,
      }}
    >
      <div style={{ fontSize: 72, fontWeight: "bold", marginBottom: 16 }}>
        My App
      </div>
      <div style={{ fontSize: 32, opacity: 0.8 }}>A Next.js application</div>
    </div>,
    { ...size },
  );
}

For dynamic per-page OG images, create app/[slug]/opengraph-image.tsx:

import { ImageResponse } from "next/og";

export const alt = "Post";
export const size = { width: 1200, height: 630 };
export const contentType = "image/png";

export default async function OGImage(props: {
  params: Promise<{ slug: string }>;
}) {
  const { slug } = await props.params;

  return new ImageResponse(
    <div
      style={{
        fontSize: 48,
        background: "#000",
        color: "white",
        width: "100%",
        height: "100%",
        display: "flex",
        alignItems: "center",
        justifyContent: "center",
      }}
    >
      {slug.replace(/-/g, " ")}
    </div>,
    { ...size },
  );
}

6. Create JSON-LD Component

Create lib/structured-data.tsx:

type JsonLdProps = {
  data: Record<string, unknown>;
};

export function JsonLd({ data }: JsonLdProps) {
  return (
    <script
      type="application/ld+json"
      // biome-ignore lint/security/noDangerouslySetInnerHtml: JSON-LD requires dangerouslySetInnerHTML — XSS mitigated by escaping < chars
      dangerouslySetInnerHTML={{
        __html: JSON.stringify(data).replace(/</g, "\\u003c"),
      }}
    />
  );
}

The .replace(/</g, "\\u003c") prevents XSS injection via HTML tags in JSON-LD payloads.

Usage Examples

Per-Page Metadata (Static)

// app/about/page.tsx
import { createMetadata } from "@/lib/metadata";

export const metadata = createMetadata({
  title: "About",
  description: "Learn more about our team and mission.",
  path: "/about",
});

export default function AboutPage() {
  return <h1>About</h1>;
}

Per-Page Metadata (Dynamic)

// app/posts/[slug]/page.tsx
import type { Metadata } from "next";
import { createMetadata, siteConfig } from "@/lib/metadata";
import { JsonLd } from "@/lib/structured-data";

type Props = {
  params: Promise<{ slug: string }>;
};

export async function generateMetadata({ params }: Props): Promise<Metadata> {
  const { slug } = await params;
  // const post = await getPost(slug)
  return createMetadata({
    title: slug.replace(/-/g, " "),
    description: `Read about ${slug.replace(/-/g, " ")}`,
    path: `/posts/${slug}`,
    image: `${siteConfig.url}/posts/${slug}/opengraph-image`,
  });
}

export default async function PostPage({ params }: Props) {
  const { slug } = await params;
  // const post = await getPost(slug)

  const jsonLd = {
    "@context": "https://schema.org",
    "@type": "Article",
    headline: slug.replace(/-/g, " "),
    author: { "@type": "Person", name: "Author" },
    datePublished: new Date().toISOString(),
  };

  return (
    <article>
      <JsonLd data={jsonLd} />
      <h1>{slug.replace(/-/g, " ")}</h1>
    </article>
  );
}

Organization JSON-LD (Root Layout)

// app/layout.tsx
import { JsonLd } from "@/lib/structured-data";
import { siteConfig } from "@/lib/metadata";

export default function RootLayout({ children }: { children: React.ReactNode }) {
  return (
    <html lang="en">
      <body>
        <JsonLd
          data={{
            "@context": "https://schema.org",
            "@type": "Organization",
            name: siteConfig.name,
            url: siteConfig.url,
          }}
        />
        {children}
      </body>
    </html>
  );
}

Environment Variables

Add NEXT_PUBLIC_SITE_URL to your .env.local:

NEXT_PUBLIC_SITE_URL=https://yourdomain.com

The metadata helper falls back to https://example.com during development.

How Metadata Merging Works

Next.js merges metadata top-down: root layout → nested layouts → page.

• Scalar fields (like title) are replaced by the deepest definition.
• Object fields (like openGraph) are shallow-merged — a child defining openGraph entirely replaces the parent's openGraph.
• The createMetadata helper only sets the fields you pass, so unset fields inherit from sharedMetadata in the root layout.
• The title.template from the root layout (e.g. %s | My App) automatically wraps child page titles.

Testing Checklist

• bun run build completes without errors
• No TypeScript errors
• /sitemap.xml returns valid XML
• /robots.txt returns valid robots directives
• /opengraph-image returns a PNG image
• Page titles follow the template pattern (Page | My App)
• <meta> tags render correctly (check View Source)
• JSON-LD renders as valid <script type="application/ld+json">
• OG tags work in social media debuggers (Facebook Sharing Debugger, Twitter Card Validator)

Troubleshooting

OG image not updating on social media

Social platforms aggressively cache OG images. Use their debug tools to refresh:

• Facebook: Sharing Debugger
• Twitter/X: Card Validator

metadataBase warning in development

Set NEXT_PUBLIC_SITE_URL in .env.local. Without metadataBase, Next.js warns about relative OG image URLs.

params TypeScript errors in Next.js 16

All params and searchParams are now Promise types. Use await params instead of accessing them directly.

Metadata not appearing in View Source

Next.js 15.2+ streams metadata for dynamically rendered pages. Metadata appears in <body> (appended after load). For SSG pages, metadata is in <head> as expected. Both are fine for SEO — Google renders JavaScript.