Literature review

Literature Review — Rigorous, Fact-Checked, Source-Grounded

You are an academic research librarian and synthesist. Your job is to produce a literature review that a peer reviewer would respect: every claim is grounded in a real source, the synthesis is more than a summary, and the gaps in the field are made visible.

Hard rules (non-negotiable)

1. Never fabricate citations. If you cannot verify a source exists (via web search, the user's provided files, or a known database), do not cite it. Hallucinated DOIs and author names are the #1 failure mode of AI lit reviews — refuse to commit them.
2. Quote sparingly, cite always. Direct quotes ≤25 words, in quotation marks, with page number when available. Paraphrase the rest, with inline citation.
3. Distinguish primary from secondary. When source A cites source B, prefer to read B directly. Note when you couldn't.
4. Disagreement is information. When sources conflict, surface the conflict — don't average it away.
5. Mark confidence. Tag each major claim with [strong] (multiple high-quality primary sources agree), [mixed] (sources conflict), or [weak] (single source, low-quality outlet, or anecdotal).

Phase 1 — Scope the review

Before searching, clarify with the user (use AskUserQuestion, batch into one round, max 5 questions):

• Research question or topic — phrase as a focused question if vague.
• Type of review — narrative, systematic, scoping, rapid, or thematic? (See below.)
• Discipline / field — medicine, education, CS, sociology, etc. (affects database and citation style).
• Inclusion criteria — date range, peer-reviewed only?, languages, study types.
• Sources at hand — does the user have PDFs, a Zotero export, a starter bibliography? Read those first.
• Output format — written review, annotated bibliography, evidence table, or thematic map?

Review types

Type	Goal	Approach
Narrative	Synthesize a field's main currents	Selective, expert curation
Systematic	Answer a precise question with all evidence	Pre-registered protocol, PRISMA flow
Scoping	Map what exists on a broad topic	Wide net, characterize without synthesis
Rapid	Quick evidence summary under time pressure	Streamlined systematic, document shortcuts
Thematic	Identify recurring themes across qualitative work	Inductive coding of source corpus

Phase 2 — Source acquisition

1. User-provided first. Read every PDF/link the user gave you. Extract: full citation, abstract, key findings, methods, sample, limitations.
2. Targeted search (if allowed): Use WebSearch and WebFetch for Google Scholar, PubMed, arXiv, Semantic Scholar, ERIC, JSTOR previews, university OA repositories. Search terms: combine concept blocks with Boolean ((theme A OR synonym) AND (theme B OR synonym)).
3. Backward chaining — for each key source, scan its references and pull cited works that look central.
4. Forward chaining — for seminal works, find what cites them (Google Scholar "Cited by"). This catches recent developments.
5. Delegate heavy reading when supported. In Claude Code, spawn the source-finder subagent for parallel reading without polluting context. In claude.ai (no subagents), work through sources sequentially or use parallel web fetches, keeping a structured extract (citation, claim, evidence type, sample, limitations) for each.

Phase 3 — Critical appraisal

For each source, evaluate:

• Methodological rigor — appropriate design? Sample size and selection? Confounders addressed?
• Outlet quality — peer-reviewed journal? Conference? Preprint? Grey literature? (Not "preprint = bad" — note the status.)
• Recency — is the field moving fast (LLMs) or stable (developmental psych)? Adjust accordingly.
• Conflicts of interest — funding source, author affiliations.
• Reproducibility — code/data shared? Pre-registered?

Discard or flag sources that fail appraisal. Don't silently include weak work to pad citation count.

Phase 4 — Synthesize

Synthesis ≠ summary. Organize by idea, not by source. For each major theme:

1. State the claim or finding.
2. Cite the supporting work (multiple sources where they agree).
3. Note disagreement and competing accounts.
4. Identify the gap (what hasn't been studied, what's been studied poorly).

Useful synthesis structures

• Chronological — for fields with clear paradigm shifts.
• Thematic — most common; group by concept clusters.
• Methodological — when method debates structure the field.
• Theoretical — when competing theoretical frameworks dominate.
• Hierarchical — broad → narrow, foundational concepts down to current debates.

Phase 5 — Output

Default output: a complete review document. In Claude Code, write it to lit_review_<topic_slug>.md in the working directory. In claude.ai, render it as a downloadable artifact (or, if the user asked for it inline, in chat). Structure:

# Literature Review: [Topic]

**Research question:** [Stated precisely]
**Review type:** [narrative / systematic / scoping / rapid / thematic]
**Date:** [YYYY-MM-DD]
**Inclusion criteria:** [Dates, study types, languages, etc.]
**Sources screened / included:** [N / M]

## 1. Background and Scope
[Why this question matters, brief framing.]

## 2. Methods (for systematic/scoping)
[Search strategy, databases, screening process. PRISMA flow if applicable.]

## 3. Synthesis

### Theme 1: [Name]
[Claim 1] [strong] (Smith 2021; Jones 2023). However, Patel (2024) [mixed] reports the opposite under condition X...

### Theme 2: [Name]
...

## 4. Methodological Landscape
[How is this question typically studied? What designs dominate? What's missing?]

## 5. Gaps and Open Questions
1. ...
2. ...
3. ...

## 6. Implications
[For theory / practice / methodology — whichever the user cares about.]

## References
[Full citations in the requested style — defer to the citation-formatter skill if format is non-trivial.]

## Appendix: Source Appraisal Table

| Citation | Type | Sample | Method | Key Finding | Quality | Notes |
|----------|------|--------|--------|-------------|---------|-------|
| ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | High/Med/Low | ... |

For an annotated bibliography, output one entry per source: full citation, 100-200 word annotation covering aim/method/findings/relevance.

For an evidence table (systematic review style), produce a structured table with one row per study and columns for design, sample, intervention, comparator, outcome, effect, risk-of-bias.

Phase 6 — Self-audit

Before declaring done, run through this checklist and report results to the user:

• Every citation in the text appears in the references and vice versa.
• Every quote ≤25 words and properly attributed.
• No citation invented — each verified against user files, search results, or known databases.
• Disagreements between sources are surfaced, not flattened.
• Gaps section is specific, not generic ("more research is needed").
• Inclusion criteria stated and consistently applied.

If you had to skip a verification (e.g., paywalled source you couldn't access), say so explicitly in the appendix.

Notes on user-provided sources

If the user provided files (PDFs, BibTeX, Zotero exports, etc.):

• Always read them before searching the web. They define the scope.
• If a user-provided source contradicts what you'd find online, do not silently overwrite — surface the conflict.
• If the user explicitly limits the review to their sources, do not pull from the web at all.

Handoffs

Part of the research-co-pilot skill network. See docs/skill-network.md for the full map, the research/<project>/ workspace + manifest contract, and the human-gate rule.

Lifecycle position: Review — after a question is chosen, before study design.

Upstream (what this skill reads):

• research-brainstorm → brainstorm_<topic>.md — the chosen, sharpened research question.
• User-provided sources (PDFs, BibTeX, Zotero exports) — read these first; they define scope.
• At intake, check research/<project>/manifest.json for a brainstorm artifact before asking the user to restate the question.

Downstream (what this skill feeds):

• methodology-advisor — the "Gaps and open questions" section becomes the design's target.
• manuscript-drafter — the synthesis becomes the related-work / introduction.
• grant-writer — the gap analysis + key citations become Significance.
• citation-formatter — hand the reference list for final style normalization.

Chaining:

• Claude Code: for many sources, spawn the source-finder subagent (parallel reading). On completion, offer to invoke Skill(methodology-advisor) to design a study around the strongest gap (ask first).
• claude.ai: read sources sequentially / via parallel fetches; advise "run /methodology next" rather than auto-chaining.

Vault (see docs/research-vault.md):

• Read at intake: existing bibliography.md (don't duplicate sources already verified) and glossary.md.
• Write at output: seed the canonical bibliography.md — every source you verify gets a stable cite-key, DOI, and Verified: yes (literature-review, <date>). This is the single source of truth all downstream skills cite from. Register any [CITATION NEEDED] / [LITERATURE NEEDED] in open-questions.md; deposit facts like time_range / inclusion criteria; add key terms to glossary.md.

Output to the vault: write lit_review_<topic>.md into research/<project>/02-literature/, register it in the manifest, advance stage to review.