Supply chain best practices

Supply Chain Best Practices

Proactively audit and harden your project's dependency management to prevent supply chain attacks.

This skill is preventive, not reactive. For active incident response (compromised package, IOC hunting, credential rotation), use the ecosystem-specific skills: npm-supply-chain-response, pypi-supply-chain-response, github-actions-supply-chain-response, or the generic supply-chain-security-check.

When to use

• Setting up a new project and want secure defaults
• Auditing an existing project's dependency hygiene
• Reviewing CI/CD pipeline security
• After an industry supply chain incident (even if you weren't affected) — learn from it
• When you notice risky patterns in dependency files during code review

Audit checklist

Walk the user through each category. Adapt commands to the detected ecosystem(s) in the project.

1. Version pinning

Goal: Every dependency resolves to exactly one version. No ranges, no floating tags.

Ecosystem	Risky pattern	Safe pattern
npm	"axios": "^1.14.0" or "~1.14.0"	"axios": "1.14.0" (use --save-exact)
Python	requests>=2.28 or requests	requests==2.28.0
Ruby	gem 'rails', '~> 7.0'	gem 'rails', '7.0.8'
Go	Uses go.sum for integrity (automatic)	Verify go.sum is committed
Rust	serde = "1" (allows minor bumps)	serde = "=1.0.197"
Java	<version>[1.0,2.0)</version>	<version>1.0.3</version>
.NET	Version="1.*"	Version="1.2.3"
GitHub Actions	uses: actions/checkout@v4	uses: actions/checkout@<SHA> # v4.1.1

Audit commands:

# npm — find non-exact versions
grep -E '"\^|"~|">=|">' package.json

# Python — find unpinned or range-pinned
grep -vE '==|#|^$|^-' requirements.txt 2>/dev/null

# GitHub Actions — find tag-based references
grep -rn 'uses:.*@v' .github/workflows/ 2>/dev/null
grep -rn 'uses:.*@main' .github/workflows/ 2>/dev/null

2. Lockfile integrity

Goal: Lockfiles exist, are committed, and used in CI.

Ecosystem	Lockfile	CI command (lockfile-only)
npm	package-lock.json	npm ci (not npm install)
Yarn	yarn.lock	yarn install --frozen-lockfile
pnpm	pnpm-lock.yaml	pnpm install --frozen-lockfile
Python (pip-tools)	requirements.txt (compiled)	pip install -r requirements.txt
Python (uv)	uv.lock	uv sync --frozen
Python (Poetry)	poetry.lock	poetry install --no-update
Ruby	Gemfile.lock	bundle install --frozen
Go	go.sum	go mod verify
Rust	Cargo.lock	Commit Cargo.lock for binaries

Lockfiles with hashes (stronger — detects tampered packages):

# Python
pip-compile --generate-hashes requirements.in
uv pip compile --generate-hashes requirements.in

# npm
# package-lock.json includes integrity hashes by default

# Lockfile lint (npm)
npx lockfile-lint --path package-lock.json --type npm --allowed-hosts npm

Audit:

# Check if lockfiles exist and are committed
git ls-files | grep -iE 'lock|\.sum$'

# Check CI for lockfile-only commands
grep -rn 'npm ci\|--frozen-lockfile\|--no-update\|go mod verify' .github/workflows/ .gitlab-ci.yml Jenkinsfile 2>/dev/null

3. Install hooks and scripts

Goal: Disable automatic execution of arbitrary code during package install.

npm postinstall — the primary vector for npm supply chain attacks:

# Disable globally
npm config set ignore-scripts true

# Or in .npmrc (committed to repo)
echo "ignore-scripts=true" >> .npmrc

# Then selectively rebuild trusted native deps
npm rebuild sharp esbuild

# Audit which packages have postinstall
npm query ':attr(scripts, [postinstall])' 2>/dev/null | jq '.[].name'

Python .pth files — execute on every interpreter startup:

SITE=$(python -c "import site; print(site.getsitepackages()[0])")
find "$SITE" -name "*.pth" -exec grep -l "base64\|subprocess\|exec\|eval\|compile" {} \;

Ruby extconf.rb — native extension build scripts:

find vendor/bundle -name "extconf.rb" 2>/dev/null | head -20

4. Vulnerability scanning in CI

Goal: Automated checks on every PR and scheduled scans.

# GitHub Actions example — npm
- run: npm audit --omit=dev

# GitHub Actions example — Python
- run: pip-audit

# GitHub Actions example — Go
- run: govulncheck ./...

# GitHub Actions example — Rust
- run: cargo audit

# GitHub Actions example — Ruby
- run: bundle audit check --update

Multi-ecosystem with Trivy:

- uses: aquasecurity/trivy-action@<SHA>
  with:
    scan-type: 'fs'
    scan-ref: '.'

5. Provenance and signing

Goal: Verify packages come from who they claim to come from.

npm provenance:

# Verify signatures on installed packages
npm audit signatures

# Publish your own packages with provenance
# In GitHub Actions:
# permissions:
#   id-token: write
#   contents: read
# - run: npm publish --provenance

Python Trusted Publishing:

• Use OIDC tokens from GitHub Actions instead of long-lived PyPI API tokens
• Configure at pypi.org/manage/project/<PROJECT>/settings/publishing/

Sigstore (multi-ecosystem):

# Sign
cosign sign-blob --yes artifact.tar.gz

# Verify
cosign verify-blob artifact.tar.gz --signature artifact.tar.gz.sig --certificate artifact.tar.gz.pem

Container image signing:

# Sign
cosign sign <IMAGE_DIGEST>

# Verify
cosign verify <IMAGE_DIGEST>

6. CI/CD secret scoping

Goal: Minimize blast radius if a dependency runs malicious code during install.

Don't do this:

env:
  AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID: ${{ secrets.AWS_KEY }}
  AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY: ${{ secrets.AWS_SECRET }}

steps:
  - run: npm ci          # <-- every step has cloud credentials
  - run: npm test
  - run: npm run deploy

Do this instead:

steps:
  - run: npm ci           # No secrets
  - run: npm test         # No secrets
  - run: npm run deploy
    env:
      AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID: ${{ secrets.AWS_KEY }}
      AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY: ${{ secrets.AWS_SECRET }}

Use OIDC instead of long-lived credentials:

permissions:
  id-token: write
  contents: read

- uses: aws-actions/configure-aws-credentials@<SHA>
  with:
    role-to-assume: arn:aws:iam::123456789:role/deploy
    aws-region: us-east-1

Use GitHub Environments with protection rules to gate access to production secrets.

7. SBOM generation

Goal: Know your full dependency tree so you can answer "am I affected?" in seconds.

# Python
pip install cyclonedx-bom
cyclonedx-py requirements -i requirements.txt -o sbom.json

# npm
npx @cyclonedx/cyclonedx-npm --output-file sbom.json

# Go
cyclonedx-gomod mod -json -output sbom.json

# Rust
cargo cyclonedx

# Multi-ecosystem with Syft
syft . -o cyclonedx-json > sbom.json

Store SBOMs as CI artifacts. When the next advisory drops, grep the SBOM instead of auditing every environment.

8. Dependency update strategy

Goal: Stay current without exposing yourself to zero-day compromises.

• Dependabot / Renovate for automated PRs with version bumps
• Review changelogs before merging dependency updates
• Delay adoption of new major versions by 48-72 hours (most supply chain attacks are caught within this window)
• For uv users: --exclude-newer to freeze the supply chain timeline:

  uv pip install --exclude-newer "2026-03-28T00:00:00Z" <PACKAGE>
  

9. Package manager hardening

npm:

# .npmrc
ignore-scripts=true
audit=true
fund=false

pip:

# Require hashes for all installs
pip install --require-hashes -r requirements.txt

Corepack (Node.js):

corepack enable
corepack prepare [email protected] --activate

Prevents a compromised global npm binary from being used.

Output format

Produce a checklist report for the project:

## Supply Chain Security Audit — [Project Name]

### Version Pinning: [PASS/WARN/FAIL]
- [Details]

### Lockfile Integrity: [PASS/WARN/FAIL]
- [Details]

### Install Hooks: [PASS/WARN/FAIL]
- [Details]

### Vulnerability Scanning: [PASS/WARN/FAIL]
- [Details]

### Provenance/Signing: [PASS/WARN/FAIL]
- [Details]

### CI Secret Scoping: [PASS/WARN/FAIL]
- [Details]

### SBOM: [PASS/WARN/FAIL]
- [Details]

### Update Strategy: [PASS/WARN/FAIL]
- [Details]

### Package Manager Hardening: [PASS/WARN/FAIL]
- [Details]

### Recommended Actions (priority order)
1. [Most critical fix]
2. [Next fix]
...

Important notes

• This skill is preventive. Don't use it during an active incident — use the ecosystem-specific response skills.
• Not every project needs every hardening measure. Prioritize based on the project's risk profile: public-facing services need more than internal tools.
• Version pinning without lockfile integrity is incomplete — an attacker can publish a new version matching your pin if you don't verify hashes.
• The biggest bang for the buck is usually: exact version pins + lockfile with hashes + ignore-scripts in npm + scoped CI secrets. Start there.