Git undo

Undo the mistake with the least-destructive tool that fits, after establishing two facts that change everything: has the work been committed, and has it been pushed/shared. Get those wrong and you either lose work or rewrite history other people depend on.

Hard rules: never break these

• Diagnose before acting. Establish: committed or not? pushed or not? on a shared branch? Run git status, git log --oneline -10, and git reflog -20 first. The fix depends entirely on the answers.
• Never rewrite published history casually. For anything already pushed to a shared branch, undo forward with git revert; do not reset/rebase/commit --amend and force-push unless the user explicitly owns the consequences and coordinates with collaborators.
• Take a safety net before any destructive op. Before reset --hard, a force-push, or a history rewrite, snapshot the current tip: git branch backup/<desc> or git tag backup/<desc>. Reflog usually saves you, but a branch is free insurance.
• --hard and clean destroy uncommitted work irrecoverably. Reflog only recovers committed states. Spell out exactly what will be lost and confirm before running them.
• Confirm before any destructive or shared-history command: reset --hard, clean -fd, push --force*, history rewrites. Prefer push --force-with-lease over --force when a rewrite is genuinely required.

Step 1: Diagnose

• git status: staged vs unstaged vs untracked; any operation in progress.
• git log --oneline --graph -15: recent commits and branch shape.
• git reflog -25: the time machine, every position HEAD has held, even "lost" ones. This is how you recover almost anything committed.
• Determine shared or local: has the affected commit/branch been pushed? git status (ahead/behind), git branch -r --contains <sha>.

Step 2: Pick the fix

Match the situation to the safest tool:

Uncommitted work

• Discard changes in a file → git restore <file> (was git checkout -- <file>).
• Unstage but keep changes → git restore --staged <file> (was git reset HEAD <file>).
• Set aside without losing → git stash push -m "<note>"; bring back with git stash pop.
• Remove untracked files → git clean -nd (dry run first!), then git clean -fd once confirmed.

The last commit (not yet pushed)

• Wrong message → git commit --amend.
• Forgot a file → stage it, then git commit --amend --no-edit.
• Undo the commit, keep changes staged → git reset --soft HEAD~1.
• Undo the commit, keep changes unstaged → git reset --mixed HEAD~1 (default).
• Undo the commit and discard changes → git reset --hard HEAD~1 (destructive; safety net first).

Already pushed / shared branch

• Undo a commit safely → git revert <sha> (creates an inverse commit; history stays intact). Revert a merge with -m 1.

Wrong-branch / structural mistakes

• Committed to the wrong branch → create the right branch from here (git branch feature), then git reset --hard origin/<wrong-branch> on the original (safety net first); or git cherry-pick the commits onto the right branch and drop them from the wrong one.
• Need an old version of one file → git restore --source=<sha> -- <file>.

Recovering things that look lost

• Hard reset / branch deletion / bad amend → find the old SHA in git reflog, then git branch recovered <sha> or git reset --hard <sha>.
• Botched rebase/merge → git reset --hard ORIG_HEAD returns to the pre-operation tip.
• Deleted branch with no reflog entry → git fsck --lost-found lists dangling commits.
• Dropped a stash → git fsck --no-reflog | grep commit, or recover from git reflog stash.

Step 3: Safety net (before anything destructive)

Snapshot the current tip so the operation is reversible regardless of outcome:

git branch backup/before-undo        # or: git tag backup/before-undo

Note the current HEAD SHA too. This costs nothing and turns "irreversible" into "recoverable."

Step 4: Execute (with confirmation)

1. State plainly: what command runs, what it changes, and what (if anything) is lost forever.
2. For destructive or shared-history operations, get an explicit yes. For force-pushes, use --force-with-lease and confirm no one else's work is being overwritten.
3. Run it.

Step 5: Verify

• git status and git log --oneline -5 to confirm the tree and history are what you intended.
• Confirm recovered work is present (file contents, expected commits).
• Note the safety branch/tag you created; remove it once the user confirms the recovery is good.