Cron scheduler

Cron Scheduler

Overview

Translate human scheduling intent into correct cron expressions, explain existing expressions in plain language, preview the next fire times, and avoid the subtle traps (DOM/DOW OR-logic, timezone/DST drift, overlapping long-running jobs, missed runs on downtime). Covers classic Vixie/POSIX cron, plus the dialects used by systemd timers, Quartz, AWS EventBridge, Kubernetes CronJobs, and GitHub Actions.

Keywords: cron, crontab, cron expression, schedule, scheduler, scheduled job, */5, 0 9 * * 1-5, timezone, TZ, DST, daylight saving, day-of-week, day-of-month, systemd timer, OnCalendar, Quartz, EventBridge rate/cron, Kubernetes CronJob, GitHub Actions schedule, every N minutes, weekday, next run, overlap, concurrencyPolicy, flock.

Workflow

1. Identify the target system. Cron dialects differ. Ask or infer: classic crontab (5 fields), systemd OnCalendar, Quartz/Spring (6-7 fields with seconds + ?), AWS EventBridge (6 fields, year, requires ?), Kubernetes CronJob (5 fields, UTC by default), or GitHub Actions (5 fields, UTC only). See references/cron-syntax.md for the field tables per dialect.
2. Pin down the timezone. Determine where the schedule should fire in wall-clock terms and which TZ the runner uses. Most engines run in UTC or the daemon's local TZ — not the user's. Decide and state explicitly. See references/timezones-and-dst.md.
3. Build the expression field by field using references/cron-syntax.md. Prefer ranges and steps (9-17, */15) over enumerations when they read clearly.
4. Check the OR-logic trap. If BOTH day-of-month and day-of-week are restricted (neither is *), Vixie cron fires when EITHER matches, not both. This is the #1 silent bug. See the worked example in examples/build-and-explain.md.
5. Validate and preview. Run scripts/cronlint.py "<expr>" -n 5 to confirm it parses, see a plain-language breakdown, and list the next fire times. Always preview before delivering.
6. Audit operational pitfalls: DST gaps/doubles, jobs slower than their interval (overlap), missed runs after downtime, and the difference between "every 5 minutes" and "every hour at minute 5." See references/scheduling-pitfalls.md.
7. Deliver the expression, a one-line plain-English explanation, the assumed timezone, and the next 3-5 fire times.

Cron field reference (classic 5-field)

┌───────────── minute        (0-59)
│ ┌─────────── hour          (0-23)
│ │ ┌───────── day of month  (1-31)
│ │ │ ┌─────── month         (1-12 or jan-dec)
│ │ │ │ ┌───── day of week   (0-7, 0 and 7 = Sunday, or sun-sat)
│ │ │ │ │
* * * * *  command

Operators: * (all), , (list), - (range), / (step). Macros: @yearly @monthly @weekly @daily @hourly @reboot.

Decision framework: translating intent

Human request	Expression	Notes
Every 5 minutes	*/5 * * * *	Not the same as "at minute 5"
At minute 5 of every hour	5 * * * *
Every hour on the hour	0 * * * *
Every weekday at 9am	0 9 * * 1-5	DOW only — safe
1st of every month, midnight	0 0 1 * *	DOM only — safe
Every 15 min, business hours, weekdays	*/15 9-17 * * 1-5
Every Sunday 2am	0 2 * * 0
Twice daily (0am/12pm)	0 0,12 * * *
Every quarter (1st of Jan/Apr/Jul/Oct)	0 0 1 1,4,7,10 *
Last day of month	not expressible in classic cron	use 0 0 28-31 * * + a guard, or systemd *-*-01 00:00:00 minus a day, or Quartz L

Best Practices

• Always state the timezone alongside any cron expression you deliver. "0 9 * * 1-5 (Europe/Zurich)" is complete; "0 9 * * 1-5" is ambiguous.
• Prefer */N only for divisors of the field range so spacing is even (*/15 of 60 is even; */13 wraps unevenly each hour).
• Avoid restricting both DOM and DOW unless you genuinely want OR semantics. If you need "Friday the 13th", that's a single expression; "every Friday AND the 13th" needs a script guard.
• Make long jobs overlap-safe with flock (e.g. flock -n /tmp/job.lock command) or concurrencyPolicy: Forbid on Kubernetes CronJobs. A 7-minute job on */5 will stack up.
• Pin schedules off the DST boundary. Avoid 02:00-03:00 local time for daily jobs in TZs that spring forward at 2am; that hour can be skipped or doubled.
• Validate before shipping. Run scripts/cronlint.py and confirm the next runs match intent.
• Comment crontab entries with the intent and TZ, since the expression alone is hard to read months later.

Common Pitfalls

• DOM/DOW OR-logic: 0 0 13 * 5 runs every 13th OR every Friday, not Friday the 13th. Covered in references/scheduling-pitfalls.md.
• */5 vs 5: 5 * * * * fires once an hour at :05; */5 * * * * fires twelve times an hour. Easy to swap.
• UTC assumptions: Kubernetes CronJobs and GitHub Actions run in UTC; "0 9" is 9am UTC, possibly the middle of the night locally.
• Sunday is both 0 and 7; some parsers reject 7, some reject 0. Use names (sun) when supported for clarity.
• systemd OnCalendar is NOT cron syntax — it is DOW YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS. Don't paste a crontab line into a .timer. See references/cron-syntax.md.
• Quartz/EventBridge require ? in one of the day fields and use 6+ fields; a 5-field expression is invalid there.
• Missed runs: plain cron does not catch up after the machine was off. Use anacron, systemd Persistent=true, or a catch-up flag for backups.
• Overlapping runs: without locking, slow jobs run concurrently and corrupt state or exhaust resources.

Bundled files

• scripts/cronlint.py — stdlib-only validator/explainer that parses a 5-field cron (or macro), prints a plain-language breakdown, flags the DOM/DOW OR trap, and lists the next N fire times. Usage: python3 scripts/cronlint.py "*/15 9-17 * * 1-5" -n 5 [--from 2026-06-08T08:00].
• references/cron-syntax.md — field tables and operator/macro reference across classic cron, systemd, Quartz, EventBridge, Kubernetes, and GitHub Actions.
• references/timezones-and-dst.md — how each engine resolves timezone, DST spring-forward/fall-back behavior, and safe-scheduling rules.
• references/scheduling-pitfalls.md — deep dive on OR-logic, overlap/locking, missed runs, and step-vs-fixed confusion.
• examples/build-and-explain.md — worked examples: intent → expression and expression → explanation, including the Friday-the-13th trap.