Machin backend

Building backends in machin

machin compiles MFL to one static native binary — an HTTP server, a database client, auth, and a CLI in the same program, no Node, no ORM, no cgo, no client libraries. The datastore drivers are pure MFL over dial() + the crypto builtins.

Run machin guide first (the version-exact language catalog). For the web/UI side — SSR, the reactive wasm UI, the router — read machin guide --skill web. This skill is the server / data / auth how-to.

The HTTP server — framework/machweb.src

A handler is func(Request) Response; serve(port, handler) runs it, one goroutine per connection (so shared state must be pooled — see below). req.method / req.path (carries the query string) / req.body / header(req,name) / cookie(req,name) / query(req,name). Builders: ok_text ok_html ok_json ok_bytes(ctype,b) ok_wasm · created bad_request not_found · redirect(url). A map router: new_router(), route(r,"GET","/x",h), serve_router(port,r).

func handle(req) (res) {
    if has_prefix(req.path, "/api/users") { return ok_json(users_json()) }
    res = not_found()
}
func main() { serve(8080, func(req) { return handle(req) }) }

Datastores — one uniform shape

Every driver returns rows as a JSON-array-of-rows STRING, so parse(rows, []T{}) decodes them into a typed slice (numeric/bool columns come back unquoted). That single idiom works across all five. json_get(rows, "[0].field") pulls one value (but returns the raw token — a string stays quoted; prefer parse).

Store	Connect	Query / exec
SQLite (embedded)	db := sqlite_open(path) / :memory:	sqlite_query(db, sql[, []string params]) → JSON · sqlite_exec(db, sql[, params]) (?-bind) · sqlite_close
PostgreSQL (postgres.src)	pg_connect(host,port,user,db,pass) + SCRAM	pg_query(sql) (trusted) · pg_exec(sql, []string params) ($1, extended protocol, injection-safe) · pg_disconnect
MySQL/MariaDB (mysql.src)	mysql_connect(host,port,user,pass,db) (native_password)	mysql_query(sql) → JSON · mysql_exec(sql) → affected · mysql_escape(s) · mysql_close
Redis (redis.src)	redis_connect(host,port) [+ redis_auth(pw)]	redis_set/setex(k,secs,v)/get(k)->(v,ok)/del/incr/expire/rpush/lpush/lrange/keys · redis_cmd([]string)
MongoDB (mongo.src+bson.src)	mongo_connect(host,port) [+ mongo_auth("admin",user,pw)]	mongo_insert_one(db,coll,doc) · mongo_find_all/find(db,coll[,filter]) · mongo_find_by_id · mongo_count/drop/delete · mongo_close

type User struct { id int  name string  email string }
pg_connect("127.0.0.1", 5432, "postgres", "app", "secret")
rows  := pg_exec("SELECT id, name, email FROM users WHERE active = $1", []string{"1"})
users := parse(rows, []User{})          // typed slice, values decoded

Mongo documents are BSON — build with the bson.src builder, decode replies via the driver (which renders to JSON): bson_new() then bson_str/bson_i32/bson_i64/ bson_double/bson_bool/bson_null/bson_oid(key,hex)/bson_subdoc/bson_subarr, finalize with bson_finish. _id ObjectIds decode to a hex string; query by it with mongo_find_by_id. SCRAM-SHA-256 auth, doubles, and cursor pagination (getMore) are all handled.

Connection pooling (a concurrent server)

machweb runs each request in its own goroutine, so a shared single connection would interleave. Every networked driver is handle-based + poolable — the pool is an async channel of authenticated connections (a semaphore, built on machin's unbounded channels; no new primitive needed):

pg_pool_init(8, "127.0.0.1", 5432, "postgres", "app", "secret")   // once, in main
func handle(req) (res) {
    c := pg_acquire()                       // per request -> its own connection
    rows := pgx(c, "SELECT ... WHERE id = $1", []string{id})
    pg_release(c)
    res = ok_json(rows)
}

Handle ops per driver (the global *_connect/*_query API stays for single-connection scripts): Postgres pg_acquire/pgq/pgx/pg_release; MySQL mysql_acquire/myq/ myx/mysql_release; Redis redis_acquire/rset/rget/…/redis_release; Mongo mongo_acquire/mins/mfind/mfindall/mfindid/mdel/mcount/mdrop/mongo_release. SQLite "pools" as several sqlite_open handles (use WAL + PRAGMA busy_timeout).

Auth — sessions + SSO (framework/machweb.src, sso.src)

• Signed sessions (a cookie the client can't forge): set_session(res, secret, "sid", userID) stores userID + an HMAC-SHA256 tag; get_session(req, secret, "sid") -> (value, ok) returns ok==1 only if it verifies. cookie(req,name), set_cookie / clear_cookie (safe defaults Path=/; HttpOnly; SameSite=Lax). Keep secret server-side (env); the value is signed, not encrypted — store an id, not secrets.
• SSO ("log in with Google/Microsoft/…"): fill OAuthProvider{auth_url, token_url, userinfo_url, client_id, client_secret, redirect_uri, scope}; route GET /login → sso_begin(p, secret) (302 + signed CSRF state), GET /callback → profile, ok := sso_complete(p, secret, req) (verify state, exchange code, fetch userinfo). Identity comes from the userinfo endpoint, so no JWT/RSA is needed. Then set_session(...).
• A common pattern is sessions in Redis (rsetex("sess:"+sid, 3600, email)) keyed by a signed cookie — see the MachNotes app.

Sending email (framework/smtp.src)

smtp_send(host, port, from, to, subject, body, user, pass) -> (ok, errmsg) sends a message over plaintext SMTP + AUTH LOGIN (user="" skips auth) — transactional email (password resets, receipts, alerts) with no library. The receiving side is here too: smtp_recv(conn) plays the server for one session, so you can build a catcher. Test with zero external deps against machin-mail's sink (a local SMTP catcher + web inbox). STARTTLS/implicit TLS isn't here yet — point it at a relay that accepts plaintext submission, or a local catcher.

Crypto you'll reach for

sha256 / hmac_sha256 (hex), sha256_bytes / hmac_sha256_bytes / sha1_bytes (binary), rand_bytes(n), base64_encode/decode + _bytes variants, hkdf_sha256, aes_gcm_encrypt/decrypt, ed25519_* / x25519_*. to_hex(rand_bytes(16)) is the idiomatic token/id.

CLIs — be agent-first

A backend tool is consumed by agents. Follow the contract (see [AGENTS_FRIENDLY_TOOLS.md] in your project, and the machin-cms app):

• stdout = the answer as JSON ({"ok":true,"data":...}); stderr = structured errors (write(2, json+"\n") — fd 2 is stderr) so logs never pollute the data stream.
• Semantic exit codes: 0 ok · 80–89 input/validation · 90–99 resource (not found / exists) · 100–109 integration (db/auth down) · 110–119 internal. exit(code).
• Non-interactive, deterministic, composable subcommands; a help-json for introspection. Parse args from args() (args()[0] is the program path).

Daemons (start/stop without PIDs)

system(cmd) -> int runs a shell command (-1 if unlaunchable). daemon start spawns a detached server and returns: system(args()[0] + " serve " + port + " >log 2>&1 &"); stop POSTs an internal /_shutdown route (the handler calls exit(0)); status probes /_health. No pidfiles or signals — see machin-cms.

Build & verify

• Compose vendored frameworks + your app, then build: machin encode framework/machweb.src framework/postgres.src app.src > app.mfl && machin build app.mfl -o app. The drivers link only what they use (-lsqlite3 for SQLite, OpenSSL for crypto/SCRAM, -lm, …).
• machin encode runs the typechecker — most errors surface there (no cc needed).
• Verify against a real server in a container (docker run -d -p 5432:5432 postgres:16, redis:7, mongo:7, mariadb:11) and drive your binary with curl. The machin repo's gated tests (MACHIN_PG_TEST=1, MACHIN_MYSQL_TEST=1, MACHIN_MONGO_TEST=1, …) show the pattern; pool concurrency is proven with N goroutines over K connections.

Gotchas (hard-won)

• Pool, don't share. A single global connection in a concurrent server corrupts reads. Use the pool + acquire/release per request, releasing on every return path.
• Wire reads are NUL-binary — the drivers use read_bytes (not read, which is a C string and truncates at a NUL) and binary-safe base64_*_bytes (for SCRAM).
• json_get returns the raw token — a string field comes back quoted ("Ada"). Prefer parse(rows, []T{}); strip quotes only when pulling one field.
• Parameterize (? / $1 / Mongo filter docs) for user input; mysql_escape for the text protocol. Never string-concat user input into SQL.
• A function named like a builtin is a compile error (len/str/keys/…); and two structurally-identical structs (e.g. two {fd int buf []bytes} driver handles) can confuse the checker — give the same-scope variable holding each a distinct name.

Worked apps + direction

• machin-saas-demo (MachNotes) — SSO → Redis sessions → pooled Postgres → reactive wasm UI, one binary.
• machin-cms — an agent-first, db-agnostic headless CMS (schemas, RBAC, a REST API daemon over SQLite/MySQL/Mongo, all pooled).
• machin-db-migrate — SQLite ⇄ MongoDB, both directions.
• Direction + capability/gap matrix: docs/NORTH-STAR-BACKEND.md.