Candidate peak filtering annotation

Overlapping Peak Detection and Isobaric Ion Flagging

Summary

Identifies and flags overlapped or isobaric ions (peaks with identical or near-identical m/z values and overlapping spatial distributions) to prevent their misclassification during matrix-related signal annotation in mass spectrometry imaging. This filtering step is essential for accurate peak annotation workflows where isobaric ambiguity could otherwise lead to false assignments.

When to use

Apply this skill when you have a peak list extracted from MSI data that includes candidate peaks with potential m/z overlap or spatial co-localization patterns across tissue images. Use it before downstream matrix-related annotation filtering to ensure that overlapped or isobaric ions are explicitly flagged and excluded from or handled separately in annotation logic, particularly in silver-assisted laser desorption/ionization (AgLDI) or other matrix-intensive imaging modes.

When NOT to use

• Input peak list is already manually curated or pre-filtered for isobaric overlap; redundant application.
• MSI data lacks spatial distribution information or was not processed through rMSI/rMSIproc; algorithm requires co-localization context.
• Peak matrix is not in rMSIproc format; conversion or re-processing is required first.

Inputs

• Extracted peak list (peak matrix in rMSIproc .zip format)
• Processed MSI data (.tar file from rMSI containing spatial distribution)
• Candidate peak identifiers and m/z values

Outputs

• Binary overlap flag table (CSV: peak identifier → overlap status)
• Flagged peak set (overlapped/isobaric ions)
• Unflagged peak set (unique peaks)

How to apply

Load the extracted peak matrix and processed MSI data into R using rMSI and rMSIproc. Apply the overlapping peak detection algorithm in rMSIcleanup, which examines candidate peaks for identical or near-identical m/z values and cross-references their spatial distributions across the tissue image to identify co-localized signals. The algorithm generates binary overlap flags for each peak (flagged=overlapped, unflagged=unique) based on these criteria. Export the overlap flag table as a structured CSV mapping peak identifiers to overlap status. This output is then used in downstream annotation filtering to exclude or re-evaluate flagged peaks, preventing them from being incorrectly assigned as matrix-related or analyte signals solely on the basis of their m/z or spatial pattern.

Related tools

• rMSIcleanup (Core package implementing overlapping peak detection algorithm and flagging logic) — https://github.com/gbaquer/rMSIcleanup
• rMSI (Loads processed MSI data and peak lists to provide spatial distribution context for overlap detection) — https://github.com/prafols/rMSI
• rMSIproc (Processes raw imzML into peak matrix and processed data files required as input) — https://github.com/prafols/rMSIproc
• R (Execution environment for rMSIcleanup and all dependent packages)

Examples

results <- rMSIcleanup::annotate_matrix(pks, "Ag1", full); overlap_flags <- results$overlap_flag_table; write.csv(overlap_flags, "overlap_flags.csv")

Evaluation signals

• All candidate peaks in the input list have been assigned a binary overlap flag (no missing values in the output flag table).
• Flagged peaks exhibit either identical or near-identical m/z values AND overlapping spatial distributions across tissue image pixels; unflagged peaks are unique.
• Output CSV is structured and machine-readable with consistent peak identifiers and flag values; can be parsed and filtered by downstream annotation tools.
• Downstream annotation results show no false positive matrix-related assignments for flagged isobaric ions when excluded or re-weighted in the annotation logic.
• Visual inspection of flagged peaks in spatial distribution plots confirms co-localization patterns consistent with isobaric overlap rather than independent signals.

Limitations

• Algorithm performance depends on mass accuracy of the peak detection method; insufficient mass resolution or calibration may cause false negatives (missed isobars).
• Spatial resolution and pixel size of the MSI acquisition affect ability to detect overlapping spatial distributions; low-resolution imaging may obscure true isobars.
• Algorithm assumes peak lists are already extracted and quantified; does not recover information from undetected or below-threshold ions.
• No quantitative threshold or confidence score provided for the overlap flags; flagging is binary and does not indicate degree or certainty of overlap.
• Performance not evaluated on datasets beyond silver-assisted MALDI imaging; transferability to other matrix types or ionization modes not explicitly demonstrated.

Evidence

• [intro] The package incorporates an overlapping peak detection feature to prevent misclassification of overlapped or isobaric ions: "The package incorporates an overlapping peak detection feature to prevent misclassification of overlapped or isobaric ions"
• [other] Apply overlapping peak detection algorithm in rMSIcleanup to identify candidate peaks with identical or near-identical m/z values (isobaric ions) and peaks with overlapping spatial distributions across the tissue image: "Apply overlapping peak detection algorithm in rMSIcleanup to identify candidate peaks with identical or near-identical m/z values (isobaric ions) and peaks with overlapping spatial distributions"
• [other] Generate binary overlap flags for each candidate peak (flagged=overlapped, unflagged=unique): "Generate binary overlap flags for each candidate peak (flagged=overlapped, unflagged=unique)"
• [other] Export overlap flag table as a structured CSV file mapping peak identifiers to overlap status for downstream annotation filtering: "Export overlap flag table as a structured CSV file mapping peak identifiers to overlap status for downstream annotation filtering"
• [intro] The algorithm takes into account the chemical formula and the spatial distribution to determine which ions are matrix-related: "The algorithm takes into account the chemical formula and the spatial distribution to determine which ions are matrix-related"