Vue nuxt security

Vue / Nuxt Security Audit

Audit Vue.js (2 and 3) and Nuxt (2 and 3) applications for framework-specific vulnerabilities.

When this skill applies

• Reviewing Vue components for XSS sinks
• Auditing Nuxt server routes and useFetch / $fetch patterns
• Reviewing runtime config (public vs private) for env leakage
• Checking SSR state hydration for data exposure
• Auditing Pinia / Vuex store exposure

Use other skills for: Vite build (vite-security), backend services (nodejs-express-security etc.), auth providers, generic patterns (saas-security-pack/saas-code-security-review).

Workflow

Follow ../_shared/audit-workflow.md.

Phase 1: Stack detection

grep -E '"(vue|nuxt|@nuxt/.*|pinia|vuex)":' package.json
find . -name 'nuxt.config.*' -not -path '*/node_modules/*'
find . -name '*.vue' -not -path '*/node_modules/*' | head

Confirm: Vue 2 vs 3, Nuxt 2 vs 3, Vite vs Webpack (Nuxt 3 = Vite default; Nuxt 2 = Webpack).

Phase 2: Inventory

# XSS sinks in templates
grep -rn 'v-html\|innerHTML' src/ pages/ components/ layouts/ 2>/dev/null

# Nuxt 3 server routes
find server/api server/routes -type f 2>/dev/null

# Runtime config
grep -nE 'runtimeConfig|publicRuntimeConfig|privateRuntimeConfig' nuxt.config.* 2>/dev/null

# Fetch patterns
grep -rn 'useFetch\|\$fetch\|useAsyncData' src/ pages/ components/ 2>/dev/null | head -30

# Stores
grep -rn 'defineStore\|createStore' src/ stores/ 2>/dev/null | head

Phase 3: Detection — the checks

v-html XSS

• VUE-XSS-1 Every v-html reviewed. The directive sets innerHTML — content must be trusted or sanitized.
• VUE-XSS-2 Markdown rendering through v-html requires sanitization (DOMPurify or @nuxt/content with default safe config).
• VUE-XSS-3 {{ }} (double-brace) interpolation IS auto-escaped — safe by default.

<!-- BAD -->
<div v-html="userContent" />

<!-- GOOD -->
<div v-html="DOMPurify.sanitize(userContent)" />

<!-- BETTER — don't accept HTML at all -->
<div>{{ userContent }}</div>

URL-bearing attributes

• VUE-URL-1 :href, :src bound to user input validated against javascript: and other dangerous schemes — same as React (see react-security/references/jsx-xss-sinks.md).
• VUE-URL-2 <a target="_blank" :href="..."> includes rel="noopener noreferrer".

Nuxt 3 runtime config

Nuxt 3 has two config buckets:

// nuxt.config.ts
export default defineNuxtConfig({
  runtimeConfig: {
    // Server-only (private)
    apiSecret: process.env.API_SECRET,
    
    // Available client-side via useRuntimeConfig().public
    public: {
      apiBase: process.env.API_BASE_URL,
    },
  },
});

• NXT-RC-1 Server-only values are NOT under public:. The public object is serialized into the client bundle.
• NXT-RC-2 useRuntimeConfig() on the client returns ONLY the public subset (server values are undefined — but the keys must not have been listed under public by mistake).
• NXT-RC-3 No secret in public, even if "obfuscated" or "harmless looking" — public ships verbatim.
• VUE-RC-4 Inspect built bundle:

  npm run build
  grep -rhoE 'apiSecret|.*SECRET.*|.*PRIVATE_KEY.*' .output/public/ | sort -u
  

  Any matches = leak.

Nuxt server routes (server/api/*)

Nuxt 3 server routes run on the server (Nitro). Treat as full HTTP endpoints.

• NXT-SR-1 Every server route checks auth. Nuxt provides no implicit auth.

  // server/api/users/[id].get.ts
  export default defineEventHandler(async (event) => {
    const session = await requireUserSession(event);   // ← do it
    const id = getRouterParam(event, 'id');
    // ... + authz: can session.user access user `id`?
  });
  

• NXT-SR-2 Input validated via Zod / valibot / similar; never trust getQuery(event) or readBody(event) directly.
• NXT-SR-3 CORS / origin checks for routes that should not be reachable cross-origin.
• NXT-SR-4 Server routes accessing the database use the private runtime config, not public.

useFetch / $fetch SSR

useFetch runs on server during SSR, then re-runs on client during hydration. Bugs:

• VUE-SSR-1 API calls during SSR using credentials that aren't safe for the client to see. useFetch('/api/admin/users', { headers: { 'X-Admin-Token': config.adminToken } }) — if adminToken is in public, leak. If it's server-only, but the response data ships to the client via NuxtState, the data leak still happens.
• VUE-SSR-2 Hydration data (window.__NUXT__) inspected — anything in there is visible to the user.
• VUE-SSR-3 Per-request user data not cached in a way that bleeds across users (Nitro caching with per-user data needs a key including user id).

useState SSR leakage

// Nuxt 3 useState is SSR-shared — fine for shared state, bad for per-user
const userPrefs = useState('userPrefs', () => fetchPrefs());

If fetchPrefs reads server-side per-user data and stores in useState, that state serializes to client. Per-user data should fetch on the client, or be properly scoped.

Pinia / Vuex stores

• VUE-STORE-1 Stores hydrating from server state don't include secrets — same SSR data leak class as above.
• VUE-STORE-2 nuxt-i18n or similar plugins reading user locale don't expose user roles, IDs, internal flags.

Vue 2 specifics (legacy)

• VUE2-1 Vue 2 reached EOL Dec 31, 2023. Audit for unpatched CVEs; recommend migration to Vue 3 (Nuxt 2 → Nuxt 3).
• VUE2-2 Vue.compile with user input is the equivalent of eval — never use with untrusted templates.

Dependencies

• VUE-DEP-1 vue-router and vue versions current.
• VUE-DEP-2 nuxt < 3.13 had several Critical CVEs (server-side prototype pollution, RCE in DevTools). Bump to current.
• VUE-DEP-3 UI libraries (Vuetify, PrimeVue, Element Plus) reviewed for known issues.

Phase 4: Triage

Critical: secrets in public runtime config; unauthenticated server route doing sensitive ops; v-html with raw user input.

Phase 5: Report

Use ../_shared/findings-schema.md. Prefix IDs with VUE-.