Go architecture review

Go Architecture Review

Good architecture makes the next change easy. Bad architecture makes every change scary.

1. Standard Project Layout

myproject/
├── cmd/                    # Main applications (one dir per binary)
│   ├── api-server/
│   │   └── main.go
│   └── worker/
│       └── main.go
├── internal/               # Private packages — cannot be imported externally
│   ├── domain/             # Core business types (entities, value objects)
│   │   ├── user.go
│   │   └── order.go
│   ├── service/            # Business logic (use cases)
│   │   ├── user.go
│   │   └── order.go
│   ├── store/              # Data access (repositories)
│   │   ├── postgres/
│   │   │   └── user.go
│   │   └── redis/
│   │       └── cache.go
│   ├── handler/            # HTTP/gRPC handlers (adapters)
│   │   └── user.go
│   └── config/             # Configuration loading
│       └── config.go
├── pkg/                    # Public packages (use sparingly)
│   └── httputil/
│       └── response.go
├── migrations/             # Database migrations
├── api/                    # API definitions (OpenAPI, proto files)
├── go.mod
├── go.sum
└── Makefile

Key Rules:

• internal/ enforces encapsulation at the compiler level. Use it aggressively.
• pkg/ is for genuinely reusable packages. When in doubt, use internal/.
• cmd/ main packages should be thin — wire dependencies and call Run().
• One main.go per binary, minimal logic inside.

2. Dependency Direction

Dependencies MUST flow inward. Domain core has zero external dependencies:

handlers → services → domain ← stores
    ↓          ↓                  ↓
  (net/http)  (pure Go)     (database/sql)

Rules:

• domain/ imports NOTHING from the project. No store, no handler, no config.
• service/ depends on domain/ types and interfaces, NOT on concrete stores.
• handler/ depends on service/ interfaces.
• store/ implements interfaces defined in service/ or domain/.
• Circular dependencies are a 🔴 BLOCKER. The compiler catches them, but design should prevent them.

// ✅ Good — service defines the interface it needs
// internal/service/user.go
type UserStore interface {
    GetByID(ctx context.Context, id string) (*domain.User, error)
    Create(ctx context.Context, user *domain.User) error
}

type UserService struct {
    store UserStore // depends on interface, not postgres.Store
}

// internal/store/postgres/user.go
type Store struct { db *sql.DB }

// Implements service.UserStore without importing the service package
func (s *Store) GetByID(ctx context.Context, id string) (*domain.User, error) { ... }

3. Main Package Wiring

main.go is the composition root. Wire everything here:

func main() {
    cfg := config.Load()
    logger := slog.New(slog.NewJSONHandler(os.Stdout, nil))

    db, err := sql.Open("postgres", cfg.DatabaseURL)
    if err != nil {
        logger.Error("connect db", slog.Any("error", err))
        os.Exit(1)
    }
    defer db.Close()

    // Wire dependencies
    userStore := postgres.NewUserStore(db)
    userService := service.NewUserService(userStore)
    userHandler := handler.NewUserHandler(userService, logger)

    // Setup router
    r := chi.NewRouter()
    r.Mount("/api/v1/users", userHandler.Routes())

    // Run server
    srv := &http.Server{Addr: cfg.Addr, Handler: r}
    // ... graceful shutdown
}

Avoid dependency injection frameworks. Go's explicit wiring is a feature. If wiring gets complex, use Google's wire for compile-time DI code generation.

4. Package Design Principles

One package = one purpose

// ✅ Good — clear purpose
package orderservice  // business rules for orders
package postgres      // PostgreSQL data access
package httphandler   // HTTP transport layer

// ❌ Bad — grab-bag packages
package utils    // what ISN'T a util?
package common   // everything and nothing
package models   // types without behavior

Avoid package stuttering

// ❌ Bad — package name repeated in type
package user
type UserService struct{} // user.UserService

// ✅ Good
package user
type Service struct{} // user.Service

Package cohesion over size

A package with 20 related files is better than 20 packages with 1 file each. Split packages when they have distinct responsibilities, not when they get big.

5. Configuration

type Config struct {
    Addr        string        `env:"ADDR" envDefault:":8080"`
    DatabaseURL string        `env:"DATABASE_URL,required"`
    LogLevel    string        `env:"LOG_LEVEL" envDefault:"info"`
    Timeout     time.Duration `env:"TIMEOUT" envDefault:"30s"`
}

Rules:

• All config from environment variables (12-factor).
• Validate at startup, fail fast with clear messages.
• No config scattered across packages — centralize in internal/config.
• Never hardcode values. Not even "just for now."

6. Init Functions

Avoid init(). It runs implicitly, makes testing harder, and creates hidden dependencies.

// ❌ Bad — hidden side effects
func init() {
    db, _ = sql.Open("postgres", os.Getenv("DB_URL"))
}

// ✅ Good — explicit initialization
func NewStore(dsn string) (*Store, error) {
    db, err := sql.Open("postgres", dsn)
    if err != nil {
        return nil, fmt.Errorf("open db: %w", err)
    }
    return &Store{db: db}, nil
}

Exception: registering drivers or codecs is acceptable in init():

func init() {
    sql.Register("custom", &CustomDriver{})
}

Architecture Review Checklist

• 🔴 No circular dependencies between packages
• 🔴 Domain types have zero infrastructure dependencies
• 🔴 No business logic in cmd/ main packages
• 🔴 No init() with side effects (DB connections, HTTP calls)
• 🟡 internal/ used for project-private packages
• 🟡 Interfaces defined at the consumer, not the producer
• 🟡 Configuration centralized and validated at startup
• 🟡 Dependency direction flows inward (handlers → services → domain)
• 🟢 Package names are short, singular, descriptive
• 🟢 No utils/, common/, helpers/ packages
• 🟢 Main package is a thin composition root