Run2 python scala generics variance

Translating Python Generics to Scala

In Python, generics with variance are defined using TypeVar with covariant=True or contravariant=True and passed to Generic[T]. In Scala, variance is defined at the class level using +T (covariant) and -T (contravariant).

Python Example

T_co = TypeVar('T_co', covariant=True)
class TokenContainer(Generic[T_co]):
    def __init__(self, items: Sequence[T_co]) -> None:
        self._items = tuple(items)

T_contra = TypeVar('T_contra', contravariant=True)
class TokenSink(Generic[T_contra]):
    def receive(self, item: T_contra) -> None: ...

Scala Translation

class TokenContainer[+T](items: Seq[T]) {
  // We cannot use T in a contravariant position (like var, or method param) 
  // directly without lower bounds, so we typically use Vector internally.
  private val _items: Vector[T] = items.toVector
  def getAll: Vector[T] = _items
}

class TokenSink[-T] {
  private val _received = scala.collection.mutable.ListBuffer.empty[Any]
  
  // T is safely consumed (contravariant position)
  def receive(item: T): Unit = {
    _received += item
  }
}

Best Practices

• Covariant +T: Best for producers, immutable collections (like List[+A]). You cannot have def add(item: T) unless you use def add[U >: T](item: U).
• Contravariant -T: Best for consumers, sinks, observers. You cannot have def get(): T because T is in a covariant position.
• Invariant T: Default, use for mutable collections (like Array[T]) or classes that both produce and consume.