Dbt

dbt

dbt lets analytics engineers transform data by writing SQL SELECT statements. It handles materialization (tables, views, incremental), testing, documentation, and lineage tracking.

Installation

# Install dbt with PostgreSQL adapter
pip install dbt-postgres

# Or with other adapters
pip install dbt-bigquery
pip install dbt-snowflake

# Initialize a new project
dbt init my_project
cd my_project

Project Structure

my_project/
├── dbt_project.yml      # Project configuration
├── profiles.yml         # Connection profiles (usually in ~/.dbt/)
├── models/
│   ├── staging/         # Raw data cleaning
│   │   ├── _staging.yml # Schema + tests for staging models
│   │   ├── stg_users.sql
│   │   └── stg_orders.sql
│   └── marts/           # Business logic
│       ├── _marts.yml
│       └── fct_revenue.sql
├── tests/               # Custom data tests
├── macros/              # Reusable SQL macros
└── seeds/               # CSV files to load

Configuration

# dbt_project.yml: Project configuration
name: my_project
version: '1.0.0'
profile: my_project

models:
  my_project:
    staging:
      +materialized: view
      +schema: staging
    marts:
      +materialized: table
      +schema: analytics

# profiles.yml: Database connection (~/.dbt/profiles.yml)
my_project:
  target: dev
  outputs:
    dev:
      type: postgres
      host: localhost
      port: 5432
      user: analyst
      password: "{{ env_var('DBT_PASSWORD') }}"
      dbname: analytics
      schema: dev
      threads: 4
    prod:
      type: postgres
      host: prod-db.example.com
      port: 5432
      user: dbt_prod
      password: "{{ env_var('DBT_PROD_PASSWORD') }}"
      dbname: analytics
      schema: public
      threads: 8

Staging Models

-- models/staging/stg_users.sql: Clean raw user data
WITH source AS (
    SELECT * FROM {{ source('raw', 'users') }}
),

cleaned AS (
    SELECT
        id AS user_id,
        LOWER(TRIM(email)) AS email,
        name,
        created_at::timestamp AS signed_up_at,
        CASE WHEN status = 'active' THEN TRUE ELSE FALSE END AS is_active
    FROM source
    WHERE email IS NOT NULL
)

SELECT * FROM cleaned

-- models/staging/stg_orders.sql: Clean raw order data
SELECT
    id AS order_id,
    user_id,
    amount_cents / 100.0 AS amount,
    status,
    created_at::timestamp AS ordered_at
FROM {{ source('raw', 'orders') }}
WHERE status != 'test'

Mart Models

-- models/marts/fct_revenue.sql: Revenue fact table
{{
    config(
        materialized='incremental',
        unique_key='order_date',
        on_schema_change='sync_all_columns'
    )
}}

WITH orders AS (
    SELECT * FROM {{ ref('stg_orders') }}
    {% if is_incremental() %}
    WHERE ordered_at > (SELECT MAX(order_date) FROM {{ this }})
    {% endif %}
),

daily AS (
    SELECT
        DATE_TRUNC('day', ordered_at)::date AS order_date,
        COUNT(*) AS total_orders,
        COUNT(DISTINCT user_id) AS unique_customers,
        SUM(amount) AS total_revenue,
        AVG(amount) AS avg_order_value
    FROM orders
    WHERE status = 'completed'
    GROUP BY 1
)

SELECT * FROM daily

Schema and Tests

# models/staging/_staging.yml: Define sources, columns, and tests
version: 2

sources:
  - name: raw
    schema: public
    tables:
      - name: users
        loaded_at_field: created_at
        freshness:
          warn_after: {count: 12, period: hour}
          error_after: {count: 24, period: hour}
      - name: orders

models:
  - name: stg_users
    description: Cleaned user data
    columns:
      - name: user_id
        tests: [unique, not_null]
      - name: email
        tests: [unique, not_null]

  - name: stg_orders
    columns:
      - name: order_id
        tests: [unique, not_null]
      - name: status
        tests:
          - accepted_values:
              values: ['pending', 'completed', 'cancelled', 'refunded']

CLI Commands

# commands.sh: Common dbt CLI commands
# Run all models
dbt run

# Run specific model and its upstream dependencies
dbt run --select +fct_revenue

# Run tests
dbt test

# Generate and serve documentation
dbt docs generate
dbt docs serve --port 8081

# Check source freshness
dbt source freshness

# Full build (run + test + snapshot)
dbt build

# Run against production
dbt run --target prod

Macros

-- macros/cents_to_dollars.sql: Reusable macro for currency conversion
{% macro cents_to_dollars(column_name) %}
    ({{ column_name }} / 100.0)::numeric(10,2)
{% endmacro %}

-- Usage in a model: SELECT {{ cents_to_dollars('amount_cents') }} AS amount