Python refactoring

Python Refactoring Skill

83 refactoring patterns from Contieri's series, Fowler's catalog, OO metrics literature, and Python idioms.

Modes

Active Analysis (default when given code): Identify smells -> map to patterns -> load relevant references -> apply refactorings with before/after -> note trade-offs.

Reference Lookup (when asked about a pattern by number/name): Load the relevant reference file -> present the pattern.

Smell-to-Pattern Map

Code Smell	Patterns	File
Setters / half-built objects	SC101, SC104	state.md
Mutable default args	SC701	idioms.md
Unprotected public attributes	SC103	state.md
Magic numbers / constants	SC601	hygiene.md
Variables that never change	SC102	state.md
Boolean flags for roles/states	SC105	state.md
Stale cached/derived attributes	030	state.md
Long function, multiple concerns	SC201, 010	functions.md
Comments replacing code	005	functions.md
Comments explaining what code does	011	hygiene.md
Generic names (result, data, tmp)	SC202	functions.md
Duplicated logic	SC606	hygiene.md
Near-duplicate functions	050	functions.md
Long related parameter lists	SC206, 052	functions.md
Query + modify in same function	SC207	functions.md
Static functions hiding deps	020	functions.md
input() in business logic	SC203	functions.md
Getters exposing data	027	functions.md
Need to test private methods	037	functions.md
Unused function parameters	SC208	functions.md
Long lambda expressions	SC209	functions.md
Type-checking if/elif chains	SC302	types.md
isinstance() dispatch	060	idioms.md
Dicts as objects (stringly-typed)	012	types.md
Raw primitives with implicit rules	019, 044	types.md
Raw lists, no domain meaning	038	types.md
Boilerplate __init__/__repr__/__eq__	SC304	idioms.md
Related functions without a class	SC301	types.md
Sibling classes with duplicate behavior	022	types.md
Inheritance without "is-a"	023	types.md
Constructor needs descriptive name	048	types.md
Scattered None checks	015, SC204	types.md
Lazy class (too few methods)	SC306	types.md
Temporary fields (used in few methods)	SC307	types.md
Deep nesting	SC402	control.md
Imperative loops with accumulation	SC403	control.md
Complex boolean expressions	SC404	control.md
Long expressions, no named parts	043	control.md
Loop doing two things	046	control.md
Parse/compute/format mixed	047	control.md
Clunky algorithm	049	control.md
Boolean flag controlling loop	SC405	control.md
Complex if/elif dispatch	056	control.md
Related statements scattered	053	control.md
Missing default else branch	SC407	control.md
Complex comprehensions	SC406	control.md
Singleton / global state	SC303, SC106	architecture.md
Same exception for biz + infra	035	architecture.md
Chained .attr.attr.attr	SC502	architecture.md
No fail-fast assertions	045	architecture.md
Dead code / commented blocks	SC401	hygiene.md
Unused exceptions	SC602	hygiene.md
Empty catch blocks	SC605	hygiene.md
Giant regex	025	hygiene.md
Excessive decorators	SC205	hygiene.md
String concatenation for multiline	SC603	hygiene.md
Inconsistent formatting	032	hygiene.md
Cryptic error messages	031	hygiene.md
Sequential IDs leaking info	SC107	architecture.md
Error codes instead of exceptions	SC501	architecture.md
Blocking calls in async functions	SC703	idioms.md
Manual try/finally cleanup	SC702, SC604	idioms.md
Full lists when streaming works	059	idioms.md
Indexing tuples by position	SC305	idioms.md
Shotgun surgery (wide call spread)	SC505	architecture.md
Deep inheritance tree	SC308	types.md
Wide hierarchy (too many subclasses)	SC309	types.md
Inappropriate intimacy	SC506	architecture.md
Speculative generality (unused ABCs)	SC507	architecture.md
Unstable dependency	SC508	architecture.md
Low class cohesion (LCOM)	SC801	metrics.md
High coupling between objects (CBO)	SC802	metrics.md
Excessive fan-out	SC803	metrics.md
High response for class (RFC)	SC804	metrics.md
Middle man (excessive delegation)	SC805	metrics.md

Reference Files

Load only the file(s) matching detected smells:

• references/state.md -- Immutability, setters, attributes (SC101, SC102, SC103, SC104, SC105, 030)
• references/functions.md -- Method extraction, naming, parameters, CQS (SC201, 005, SC202, 010, 020, SC203, 027, SC206, 037, SC207, 050, 052, SC208, SC209)
• references/types.md -- Class design, reification, polymorphism, nulls (SC301, 012, SC302, 015, 019, 022, 023, SC204, 038, 044, 048, SC306, SC307, SC308, SC309)
• references/control.md -- Guard clauses, pipelines, conditionals, phases (SC402-SC404, 043, 046, 047, 049, 053, SC405, 056, SC406, SC407)
• references/architecture.md -- DI, singletons, exceptions, delegates (SC303, SC106, SC107, 035, 045, SC501, SC502, SC505, SC506, SC507, SC508)
• references/hygiene.md -- Constants, dead code, comments, style (SC601, SC602, 011, SC606, SC401, 025, 031-032, SC205, SC603, SC605)
• references/idioms.md -- Context managers, generators, unpacking, protocols, async (SC701, SC702, SC703, 059, 060, SC304, SC305, SC604)
• references/metrics.md -- OO metrics: cohesion, coupling, fan-out, response, delegation (SC801, SC802, SC803, SC804, SC805)

Automated Smell Detector

scripts/detect_smells.py runs the smell detector with 56 automated checks (41 per-file + 10 cross-file + 5 OO metrics). It ships with a bundled copy of the smellcheck package — no pip install required.

# Works immediately after skill install — no pip required
python3 scripts/detect_smells.py src/
python3 scripts/detect_smells.py myfile.py --format json

# Look up rule documentation (description + before/after example)
python3 scripts/detect_smells.py --explain SC701
python3 scripts/detect_smells.py --explain SC4    # list a family
python3 scripts/detect_smells.py --explain all    # list all rules

# Caching (enabled by default — skips unchanged files on repeat scans)
python3 scripts/detect_smells.py src/ --no-cache       # fresh scan
python3 scripts/detect_smells.py --clear-cache         # purge cache

# Or use the pip-installed CLI directly
pip install smellcheck
smellcheck src/ --min-severity warning --fail-on warning

Per-file detections (41): SC101 setters, SC201 long functions, SC601 magic numbers, SC602 bare except, SC202 generic names, SC301 extract class, SC102 UPPER_CASE without Final, SC103 public attrs, SC302 isinstance chains, SC104 half-built objects, SC105 boolean flags, SC303 singleton, SC401 dead code after return, SC106 global mutables, SC203 input() in logic, SC107 sequential IDs, SC204 return None|list, SC205 excessive decorators, SC206 too many params, SC603 string concatenation, SC402 deep nesting, SC403 loop+append, SC207 CQS violation, SC404 complex booleans, SC501 error codes, SC502 Law of Demeter, SC405 control flags, SC701 mutable defaults, SC702 open without with, SC703 blocking calls in async, SC304 dataclass candidate, SC305 sequential indexing, SC604 contextlib candidate, SC210 cyclomatic complexity, SC208 unused parameters, SC605 empty catch block, SC209 long lambda, SC406 complex comprehension, SC407 missing else, SC306 lazy class, SC307 temporary field.

Cross-file detections (10): SC606 duplicate functions (AST-normalized hashing), SC503 cyclic imports (DFS), SC504 god modules, SC211 feature envy, SC505 shotgun surgery, SC308 deep inheritance, SC309 wide hierarchy, SC506 inappropriate intimacy, SC507 speculative generality, SC508 unstable dependency.

OO metrics (5): SC801 lack of cohesion, SC802 coupling between objects, SC803 fan-out, SC804 response for class, SC805 middle man.

Run the detector first for a quick scan, then use the reference files to understand and apply the suggested refactorings.

Guided Refactoring Workflow

smellcheck groups its 56 rules into 9 ordered phases with dependency chains. The --plan command generates a customized refactoring plan based on actual findings.

Initialization

# Bundled (no pip install required)
python3 scripts/detect_smells.py <path> --plan
python3 scripts/detect_smells.py <path> --plan --format json

# Or via pip-installed CLI
smellcheck <path> --plan
smellcheck <path> --plan --format json

The plan auto-selects a strategy: local_first (default, phases 0-8) or architecture_first (reorders to [0,1,7,8,2,3,4,5,6]) when >30% of findings are cross-file or metric scoped.

Phase Execution Loop

Each phase has three passes:

Pass 1 — Automated scan: Run the --select command printed in the plan output for the current phase. Fix each finding using the reference file for that rule's family.

Pass 2 — Agent semantic review: For candidate files (files with automated findings + changed files in branch + import neighbors for cross-file phases), check for manual patterns assigned to the current phase. Evidence requirements for every semantic finding:

• File path and line range
• Actual code snippet
• Pattern number and name
• Why it matches the heuristic
• Confidence score (>=0.8 auto-fix, 0.5-0.79 suggest+confirm, <0.5 don't emit)

Pass 3 — Gate check: If gate is tests_pass, run the test suite and do not proceed until green. If rescan_after is true, re-run --plan and re-bucket.

Manual Pattern Assignments per Phase

For each manual pattern below, load the corresponding reference file from the Reference Files section to see full before/after examples.

Phase	Patterns	Agent detection heuristics
0 correctness	(none)	Fully automated
1 dead_code	005	Comments that restate the next line — delete them
2 clarity	011, 031	011: comments explaining "what" not "why". 031: error messages missing context
3 idioms	059, 060	059: list(gen) where result is only iterated once. 060: single isinstance() dispatch
4 control_flow	043, 046, 047, 049, 053, 056	043: expression >80 chars with no named subparts. 046: loop body with 2+ concerns. 047: function that parses+computes+formats. 049: manual impl of stdlib op. 053: related lines separated by unrelated. 056: if/elif 4+ branches
5 functions	010, 020, 027, 037, 050, 052	020: function-scoped import. 027: obj.get_x() + logic → move to obj. 037: test accessing ._private. 050: two functions >80% body similarity. 052: 3+ related params
6 state_class	012, 019, 022, 023, 030, 038, 044, 048	012: dict with 3+ consistent keys → dataclass. 019/044: primitive with constraints → value object. 022: siblings with duplicate methods. 023: inheritance for reuse not "is-a". 030: cached attr that drifts. 038: list[str] with domain meaning. 048: unclear constructor → factory
7 architecture	015, 025, 035, 045	015: if x is not None in 3+ sites → Null Object. 025: regex >80 chars → re.VERBOSE. 035: same exception for biz+infra. 045: broad input without precondition
8 metrics	(none)	Fully automated; use results to revisit phase 6

Pattern 032 (inconsistent formatting): Tool-enforced — run black or ruff format before starting workflow.

Conditional Branching

• No classes detected → phases 6 and 8 skip automatically
• No async code (SC703 has 0 findings) → skip in phase 3
• Architecture-dominant (>30% cross-file) → plan reorders to architecture-first
• Single-file scan → cross-file phases will naturally have 0 findings
• Large backlog → generate baseline, gate only new findings

Feedback Loops

• Phase 8 → Phase 6: under local_first, if metrics still high, loop back (max 2 iterations). Under architecture_first, phase 8 runs before phase 6, so this becomes forward flow — metrics inform the class design pass.
• Phase 5 → Phase 8: extraction changes cohesion, re-check metrics
• Any phase → tests: if tests break, pause and fix first

Completion Criteria

All phases either skip (0 findings) or pass. Tests green. Feedback loops converged. smellcheck --plan shows all phases as skip.

Guidelines

• Prioritize structural refactorings over cosmetic
• Preserve existing tests -- refactoring changes structure, not behavior
• Group related changes when multiple patterns apply
• Flag changes to public API (breaking vs non-breaking)
• For large code, suggest incremental order rather than all-at-once
• When patterns conflict, explain the trade-off and recommend