Teams message formatting

Teams Message Formatting

Microsoft Teams has several incompatible text systems. Pick the surface first, then write the text for that surface — most rendering bugs come from using one surface's syntax on another.

CRITICAL: Four Markup Systems

System	Used In	Bold	Link	Mention
Bot text markdown	Bot Framework/Teams SDK activity text (default)	**bold**	[text](url)	<at>Name</at> plus activity entities
Bot text xml	Bot activity textFormat: "xml" and hero/thumbnail card text	<strong>bold</strong>	<a href="url">text</a>	<at>Name</at> plus activity entities
Adaptive Card Markdown	TextBlock.text, Fact.title, Fact.value	**bold**	[text](url)	<at>Name</at> plus root msteams.entities
Graph chatMessage HTML	Microsoft Graph chatMessage.body.contentType: "html"	<strong>bold</strong>	<a href="url">text</a>	<at id="0">Name</at> plus mentions array

Do not mix them. Slack mrkdwn (*bold*, <url|text>) is wrong everywhere in Teams. Full standard Markdown is also wrong in Adaptive Cards: headings, tables, images, preformatted text, and blockquotes are not supported in TextBlock.

Quick Decision Tree

What are you formatting?
|-- Bot reply or proactive bot message
|   |-- Simple text                          -> textFormat "markdown" (or SDK default)
|   |-- User/tag mention                     -> <at>...</at> plus activity entities
|   `-- Rich UI, inputs, buttons             -> Adaptive Card ($teams-adaptive-cards)
|-- Adaptive Card text
|   |-- TextBlock / FactSet                  -> limited Adaptive Card Markdown only
|   |-- Heading                              -> TextBlock size/weight/style, never `#`
|   |-- Table                                -> Table element, never Markdown table
|   `-- Code                                 -> CodeBlock element, never backticks
|-- Microsoft Graph chatMessage (delegated send)
|   |-- Plain text                           -> body contentType "text"
|   |-- Formatting, mentions, emoji, code    -> body contentType "html"
|   `-- Adaptive Card                        -> <attachment id> placeholder + attachments
|-- Service-to-channel webhook
|   |-- Anything new                         -> Workflows webhook + Adaptive Card wrapper
|   `-- Legacy webhook.office.com URL        -> retired May 2026; migrate to Workflows
`-- Hero/thumbnail card                      -> XML/HTML subset in `text` only; no Markdown,
                                                no formatting in title/subtitle

Bot Activity Text

Set textFormat when constructing raw Bot Framework activities (markdown is the default):

{
  "type": "message",
  "textFormat": "markdown",
  "text": "**Build failed** in [CI](https://example.com/run/123)."
}

Bot text Markdown support varies by client, so stay inside the safe subset:

• Safe on desktop, iOS, and Android: bold, italic, links, preformatted text, blockquotes.
• Desktop only: ordered and unordered lists.
• Not on Android: strikethrough.
• Never supported in text-only bot messages: headings, horizontal rules, tables, image links. Use an Adaptive Card for those.

Bot messages have an approximate 100 KB limit (text, mentions, reactions); stay under 80 KB or the send fails with 413 MessageSizeTooBig.

For mentions, include both the visible <at>...</at> text and a matching entities item:

{
  "type": "message",
  "text": "Hey <at>Ada Lovelace</at>, the deployment is ready.",
  "entities": [
    {
      "type": "mention",
      "text": "<at>Ada Lovelace</at>",
      "mentioned": {
        "id": "29:teams-user-id",
        "name": "Ada Lovelace"
      }
    }
  ]
}

The entities[].text value must exactly match a substring of text (including any @ prefix); otherwise Teams ignores the mention. The mentioned.id accepts a Teams user ID (29:...), a Microsoft Entra Object ID, or a UPN. See references/MENTIONS.md for tag, team, and channel mentions.

Adaptive Card Text

Use limited Markdown only in TextBlock.text, Fact.title, and Fact.value:

Format	Syntax	Notes
Bold	**bold**	Standard Markdown bold
Italic	_italic_	Underscore style is what the Teams docs show
Link	[text](https://example.com)	URL must be absolute
Bullet list	- Item 1\r- Item 2	\r or \n between items
Ordered list	1. First\r2. Second	Keep list text short
Line break	\n\n outside lists	\n\n inside a list indents the next item — use \r there

Unsupported in Adaptive Card Markdown: headings, tables, images, preformatted text, and blockquotes. HTML is never supported in Adaptive Cards. Use card elements instead: TextBlock size/weight/style: "heading" for headings, Table for tables, Image for images, CodeBlock for code.

Graph chatMessage Text

Graph chatMessage.body is text or Teams-restricted html. Use HTML whenever the body contains mentions, links, emphasis, attachments, emoji tags, or code blocks:

{
  "body": {
    "contentType": "html",
    "content": "<p><strong>Build failed</strong> in <a href=\"https://example.com/run/123\">CI</a>.</p>"
  }
}

Graph supports Teams-specific body elements: <at id="N">, <attachment id="...">, <emoji>, <customemoji>, and <codeblock class="..."><code>. The body is not arbitrary browser HTML — <div>, inline styles, and layout CSS may be ignored or break rendering. Normal sends are delegated-only (ChannelMessage.Send / ChatMessage.Send); application-permission send is migration-only. Read references/GRAPH-CHATMESSAGE.md before building Graph payloads.

Escaping User Content

Escape based on the destination, innermost format first:

Destination	Escape
JSON string	JSON escaping for backslash, quote, newline
Bot XML / Graph HTML	&, <, >, ", ' when inserted as text
Adaptive Card Markdown	Escape or strip Markdown metacharacters when text must render literally
Mention display text	Keep the visible <at>...</at> text and metadata exactly synchronized

Never concatenate untrusted user content into Graph HTML, Bot XML, or mention markup without escaping it first — unescaped < or & corrupts the whole body.

Anti-Patterns

Anti-Pattern	Problem	Fix
Slack mrkdwn in Teams	Renders literally or incorrectly	Use the markup for the target surface
Markdown table or # heading in TextBlock	Unsupported, renders as literal text	Table element; TextBlock size/weight/style
<b> or any HTML in Adaptive Card text	HTML unsupported in cards	**bold** or TextBlock styling
Triple-backtick code in TextBlock	Preformatted text unsupported	CodeBlock element
Graph mention without mentions array	Renders as text, no notification	Add matching mentions entry
Bot mention without entities	Renders as text, no notification	Add matching activity entity
New MessageCard/connector integration	O365 connectors retired May 2026	Workflows webhook or notification bot with Adaptive Cards
Graph chatMessage for app-only notifications	Application send is migration-only	Bot proactive messaging or Workflows
Lists or strikethrough in bot text for mobile users	Lists desktop-only; strikethrough missing on Android	Adaptive Card, or restructure the text

Reference Documentation

Read	When
references/CHEATSHEET.md	You need exact syntax for any surface fast
references/MARKDOWN-HTML.md	Bot Markdown/XML per-platform support, Adaptive Card Markdown detail, hero-card HTML, MessageCard legacy
references/MENTIONS.md	Any mention: bot, Adaptive Card, Graph, user, tag, team, channel, or stripping incoming bot mentions
references/GRAPH-CHATMESSAGE.md	Building Graph chatMessage payloads: HTML restrictions, codeblock/emoji tags, attachments, permissions

Sources

• Format your bot messages - Microsoft Teams
• Format text in cards - Microsoft Teams
• Channel and group chat bot conversations - Microsoft Teams
• Send chatMessage in a channel or chat - Microsoft Graph
• Teams messaging APIs in Microsoft Graph - Microsoft Graph
• Create an Incoming Webhook (Workflows) - Microsoft Teams
• Retirement of Office 365 connectors within Microsoft Teams - Microsoft 365 Dev Blog