Automate

Coding-Agent CLI Automation

Method — step-by-step

Run these nine steps in order for every new automation. The sections below are the toolbox; this list is the procedure.

1. Discover runtime. Which CLIs, skills, MCPs, and models are available on the host? Fail fast when a dependency is missing. See references/introspection.md.
2. Pick category — local execution or cloud-delegated PR (§Two categories, five CLIs).
3. Pick CLI, then load its reference BEFORE writing any invocation. Default to Claude Code; use another only if the user named it. For non-Claude targets, loading references/{codex,gemini,copilot,github-agent-task}.md is mandatory — examples in this file are Claude-syntax. See §Do not transliterate.
4. Define the I/O contract — inputs (positional args, env vars, stdin) and outputs (stdout JSON, exit codes, artifact files). Everything a caller needs to re-run the script lives here (§Reusability & observability).
5. Pick shape — single-turn extract, agentic loop, multi-turn, parallel fan-out, or cloud delegation (§The five canonical shapes).
6. Apply non-negotiable flags — auto mode + --allowedTools + --output-format json + schema + success verification (§Non-negotiable flags).
7. Wire reusability — parameterize every path, model, timeout; no hardcoded constants (§Reusability & observability).
8. Wire observability — capture session ID, cost, live progress, structured exit codes (§Reusability & observability).
9. Deliver — header block documenting usage, env, permission posture, tunables.

Two categories, five CLIs

• Local execution (rows 1–4) — agent runs on your machine or CI, synchronous, stdout output. For artifacts that aren't PRs.
• Delegated cloud (row 5) — dispatch a cloud agent that opens a PR asynchronously. For ticket/webhook→PR flows.

CLI	Headless invocation	Reference
Claude Code	claude -p "<prompt>"	references/claude-code.md
Codex	codex exec "<prompt>"	references/codex.md
Gemini CLI	gemini -p "<prompt>"	references/gemini.md
GitHub Copilot CLI	copilot -p "<prompt>" --allow-all-tools --autopilot	references/copilot.md
gh agent-task (cloud)	gh agent-task create "<description>" --base main	references/github-agent-task.md

Combinable — gh agent-task opens the PR, a local CLI reviews it (see cookbook).

Do not transliterate across CLIs

Examples throughout this file are Claude-syntax. Swapping claude→codex/gemini/copilot with the same flags hallucinates. Key divergences:

Concern	Claude	Codex	Gemini	Copilot
Auto mode	--permission-mode acceptEdits	--sandbox <mode> / --full-auto	--approval-mode auto_edit	--autopilot + --allow-all-tools + --no-ask-user
Tool scope	--allowedTools "Read,Edit,..."	--sandbox read-only|workspace-write|danger-full-access	--policy <file>	--allow-tool "<name>"
Structured output	--json-schema '<inline JSON>'	--output-schema <file>	(policy / post-parse)	(post-parse)
JSON result field	.result / .structured_output	--output-last-message <file>	.response	JSONL events
Session resume	--resume <id>	codex exec resume --last	-r <id> / -r latest	(n/a)
Session ID path	.session_id	.thread_id (in thread.started)	.session_id	per-event session_id

Non-negotiable flags (the checklist)

Local execution (claude / codex / gemini / copilot):

• Deterministic auto mode — per-CLI flag in §Do not transliterate. Never plan/default/interactive in a script; they pause for a human.
• --allowedTools narrow allowlist — the real safety boundary. Auto mode = "don't pause for approval"; the allowlist defines what the agent can do. Read-only: "Read,Grep,Glob". Dev: "Read,Edit,Bash(npm test*)".
• --output-format json when the next step is a shell pipeline. Never parse text with regex/grep/sed.
• Structured-output constraint (--json-schema Claude, --output-schema Codex) when output feeds downstream code. Stops drift into prose/invalid enums so jq can't silently break.
• Verify success in the JSON (is_error, subtype, errors[], permission_denials[]), not just exit code. All four CLIs can exit 0 on recoverable failures.

Delegated cloud execution (gh agent-task):

• Explicit --base <branch>. A PR against develop when you meant main wastes a review cycle.
• create exit 0 = "dispatched," not "succeeded" and not "merged." The agent runs after the command returns. Pair with a completion watcher (gh pr list, pull_request.opened webhook, or --follow).
• --repo <owner/name> when targeting another repo. One dispatcher addresses any accessible repo without cloning.
• Long ticket bodies via -F <file> / stdin, never inlined as argv. Avoids quoting bugs and arg-length limits.

The five canonical shapes

Shapes 1-4 are local execution; shape 5 is cloud delegation.

1. Single-turn, extract to JSON

Classification, extraction, summarization, triage. Script gets a parseable structured answer.

result=$(claude -p "Classify the severity of this error: $(cat error.log)" \
  --output-format json \
  --json-schema '{"type":"object","properties":{"severity":{"type":"string","enum":["low","medium","high","critical"]},"reason":{"type":"string"}},"required":["severity","reason"]}' \
  --permission-mode acceptEdits \
  --allowedTools "Read")

severity=$(echo "$result" | jq -r '.structured_output.severity')

No edit tool in the allowlist ⇒ no writes happen, regardless of permission mode. That's how you scope "read-only."

2. Agentic loop on a codebase

"Review and fix," "refactor," "add tests." Model needs file access + command execution.

cd /path/to/repo
claude -p "Run the test suite and fix any failures. Report which tests you changed." \
  --allowedTools "Bash,Read,Edit" \
  --permission-mode acceptEdits \
  --output-format json > run.json

acceptEdits auto-approves writes. dontAsk is stricter (deny-by-default) — better for locked-down CI. Real scope control is still the allowlist.

3. Multi-turn agentic (chained calls sharing state)

Discrete checkpointed steps — review, decide, act — each seeing prior context.

session_id=$(claude -p "Audit the auth module for security issues" \
  --output-format json --permission-mode acceptEdits \
  --allowedTools "Read,Grep,Glob" | jq -r '.session_id')

claude -p "Now prioritize the issues you found by severity" \
  --resume "$session_id" --output-format json \
  --permission-mode acceptEdits --allowedTools "Read,Grep,Glob" > prioritized.json

claude -p "Fix the critical issues only" \
  --resume "$session_id" --permission-mode acceptEdits --allowedTools "Read,Edit"

First two steps are read-only via narrow tools. --resume <id> is explicit and parallel-safe; --continue (most-recent-in-cwd) races.

4. Parallel fan-out

Same operation across N files/PRs/tickets. Fan out via xargs -P or background jobs; collect into a directory, then reduce.

mkdir -p out
find . -name '*.py' -print0 | xargs -0 -P 4 -I {} bash -c '
  f="$1"
  timeout 60s claude -p "Summarize $(cat "$f") in one sentence" \
    --output-format json --permission-mode acceptEdits \
    --allowedTools "Read" \
    > "out/$(basename "$f").json"
' _ {}

jq -s 'map({file: .session_id, summary: .result})' out/*.json > summary.json

Bound parallelism (-P 4) to dodge rate limits. Per-worker timeout stops one runaway from stalling the batch.

5. Delegate to a cloud agent (async PR)

Output = a PR, no synchronous control needed. Local CLI is a dispatcher.

# Dispatch into current repo
gh agent-task create "Implement the spec in docs/rfc-042.md" --base main

# Dispatch into ANOTHER repo from outside it — no clone
gh agent-task create -F ticket.md --repo my-org/payments-service --base main

# Fan out across a fleet
gh repo list my-org --topic services --json nameWithOwner --jq '.[].nameWithOwner' | \
  while read -r repo; do
    gh agent-task create -F upgrade.md --repo "$repo" --base main
    sleep 2
  done

# Dispatch and follow logs in the foreground
gh agent-task create -F ticket.md --base main --follow

--repo is the orchestration lever — one dispatcher addresses any accessible repo. Pair with a local-execution CLI for review-gating: agent opens the PR, Claude/Codex/Gemini/Copilot reviews before merge. See references/github-agent-task.md for preview-status, PR-number-ambiguity, and no-JSON-from-create pitfalls.

Principles that save you later

• Tool restriction scopes capability, not plan mode. Auto mode says "don't pause"; the allowlist (Claude --allowedTools, Codex --sandbox, Gemini --policy, Copilot --allow-tool) says what the agent can do. Read-only = narrow allowlist, not a different mode.
• Repo context auto-loads (CLAUDE.md, AGENTS.md, skills, MCP) — usually why the agent is competent here. Keep it. Strip via per-CLI config + minimal --allowedTools only for reproducibility or adversarial input.
• Quote prompts aggressively. $, backticks, quotes, newlines. Heredocs (<<'EOF') or --append-system-prompt-file avoid shell-expansion bugs.

Anti-patterns

• Untrusted input straight into -p. Prompt-injection surface. Wrap user-controlled content in delimited blocks (<user_input>...</user_input>) with instructions to treat as data.
• --continue in parallel jobs. Races itself — resolves to "most recent session in this cwd." Use explicit session IDs.
• One script targeting every CLI. Headless models differ meaningfully. Pick one, commit to its idioms; only abstract if runtime provider choice is a real requirement.

When to load what

• CLI-specific script — the matching reference from the §Two categories table.
• Detecting MCP / skills / models at runtime (fail-fast in CI) — references/introspection.md.
• Pipeline shape not covered above (GH Action, cron PR review, batch translate, review-then-fix) — references/cookbook.md.

Reusability & observability

Every automation has to be re-runnable by someone who didn't write it and auditable after the fact.

Reusability:

• set -euo pipefail at the top. Non-negotiable.
• Every path, model, timeout, parallelism bound is an arg or env var with a default: MODEL="${MODEL:-sonnet}", TIMEOUT="${TIMEOUT:-600}", FILE="${1:?path required}". No hardcoded constants.
• Require secrets explicitly: : "${ANTHROPIC_API_KEY:?set it}".
• Take an explicit --dir or TARGET="${1:?}" and cd "$TARGET" inside the script. Don't rely on the caller's cwd.
• Idempotent when plausible: skip if the output artifact exists unless --force (or env FORCE=1).
• Prompt text lives in a heredoc or --append-system-prompt-file, not inlined — swap prompts without editing shell logic.

Observability:

• Stdout = machine (JSON), stderr = human (progress). Never 2>&1 into a pipe that feeds jq. Progress messages go >&2.
• Persist the session ID to a file (echo "$session_id" > .session) — Claude/Gemini .session_id, Codex .thread_id (in thread.started when --json is on). --continue/--last/-r latest race under shared cwd or parallelism; always pass an explicit ID.
• Track cost via .total_cost_usd on every call; sum across a batch before you report done.
• Live progress on long agentic runs: --output-format stream-json --verbose --include-partial-messages | tee progress.log.
• Exit-code taxonomy: 0 success, 2 usage/input error, 3 agent reported failure (is_error:true or permission_denials[] non-empty), 124 timeout fired, 130 interrupted. Downstream tools branch on codes, not on stdout text.
• Error trap to capture state before unwinding: trap 'git stash -u || true; cp progress.log "progress.$(date +%s).log" 2>/dev/null || true' ERR.

Delivering the script

Every script opens with a header a stranger can run from:

#!/usr/bin/env bash
# <name>.sh — one-line purpose
# Usage: ./<name>.sh <args> [flags]
# Env:   ANTHROPIC_API_KEY (required), MODEL (default: sonnet), TIMEOUT (default: 600)
# Posture: read-only | edits | shell  (enforced by --allowedTools "<list>")
# Output: stdout JSON; exits 0/2/3/124 — see README for taxonomy
set -euo pipefail