Kotlin build performance

Kotlin Android Build Performance

Instructions

A slow build starves the feedback loop. Target: clean build under 60 s on dev laptops, incremental builds under 5 s.

1. Enable Gradle Caches (gradle.properties)

org.gradle.jvmargs=-Xmx4g -XX:+UseG1GC -XX:+HeapDumpOnOutOfMemoryError -Dfile.encoding=UTF-8
org.gradle.parallel=true
org.gradle.caching=true
org.gradle.configuration-cache=true
org.gradle.configuration-cache.parallel=true
org.gradle.configureondemand=true

# Kotlin
kotlin.incremental=true
kotlin.code.style=official

# AGP
android.useAndroidX=true
android.nonTransitiveRClass=true
android.nonFinalResIds=true
android.defaults.buildfeatures.buildconfig=false
android.defaults.buildfeatures.resvalues=false
android.defaults.buildfeatures.shaders=false

Verify with:

./gradlew :app:assembleDebug --configuration-cache --build-cache

The second run should log "Reusing configuration cache" and most tasks FROM-CACHE.

2. KSP Instead of KAPT

KAPT stubs Java to run annotation processors — it's the single biggest Kotlin-build tax. KSP understands Kotlin directly and is 2–4× faster.

plugins { alias(libs.plugins.ksp) }

dependencies {
    implementation(libs.hilt.android);  ksp(libs.hilt.compiler)      // Hilt 2.48+
    implementation(libs.room.runtime);  ksp(libs.room.compiler)
    implementation(libs.moshi);         ksp(libs.moshi.codegen)      // if on Moshi
}

Remove kotlin("kapt") and kapt(...) dependencies. If a processor has no KSP support, isolate it in its own small module so KAPT doesn't drag down the whole graph.

3. Module Graph Hygiene

A bad module graph (one fat :app depending on everything) defeats caching. Aim for a diamond-free DAG:

:app
 ├─ :feature:articles
 ├─ :feature:profile
 └─ :feature:settings
:feature:* → :core:designsystem, :core:ui, :core:data
:core:data → :core:network, :core:database, :core:domain
:core:*    → :core:common

Rules:

• A feature depends on :core:*, never on another feature.
• Gradle builds sibling leaves in parallel; flat is fast.
• Run ./gradlew projectReport and ./gradlew projects to inspect. Use the com.dropbox.focus or project-report plugin to visualize.

4. Convention Plugins

Put shared Android config in build-logic/ as precompiled script plugins:

// build-logic/convention/src/main/kotlin/app.android.library.gradle.kts
plugins {
    id("com.android.library")
    id("org.jetbrains.kotlin.android")
}

android {
    compileSdk = 35
    defaultConfig { minSdk = 24 }
    compileOptions {
        sourceCompatibility = JavaVersion.VERSION_17
        targetCompatibility = JavaVersion.VERSION_17
    }
}

kotlin {
    jvmToolchain(17)
    compilerOptions.freeCompilerArgs.add("-Xjvm-default=all")
}

Feature modules shrink to:

plugins { id("app.android.library"); id("app.android.hilt") }

This keeps configuration fast because Gradle loads one compiled plugin, not dozens of duplicated blocks.

5. Dependency Hygiene

• Always use implementation; reach for api only for types exposed in another module's public API.
• nonTransitiveRClass=true — each module gets only its own R class. Faster incremental compile, smaller generated code.
• Avoid snapshot/plus versions (1.2.+); they defeat the cache.
• Lock dependency versions via the version catalog. Keep catalog churn low.

6. Compose Compiler Tuning

composeCompiler {
    // enable strong skipping (Kotlin 2.0 + Compose compiler 1.5.14+)
    enableStrongSkippingMode = true
    // Add reports & metrics only on demand to avoid IO cost in CI
    reportsDestination = layout.buildDirectory.dir("compose-reports")
}

7. Remote Build Cache

// settings.gradle.kts
buildCache {
    local { isEnabled = true; directory = File(rootDir, ".gradle/build-cache") }
    remote<HttpBuildCache> {
        url = uri("https://your-cache.example.com/cache/")
        isPush = System.getenv("CI") == "true"
        credentials {
            username = System.getenv("GRADLE_CACHE_USER")
            password = System.getenv("GRADLE_CACHE_PASS")
        }
    }
}

Use a self-hosted Gradle Enterprise cache or develocity — the ROI is significant for teams > 3 developers.

8. Measuring

./gradlew :app:assembleDebug --scan

Publish a build scan and look at:

• Task breakdown — longest tasks.
• Avoided tasks — should be high on incremental.
• Configuration time — should be well under 1 s with config cache.

Use ./gradlew --profile for local HTML reports when a scan isn't wanted.

9. CI Specifics

• Use the official actions/setup-java with Temurin 17 + gradle/actions/setup-gradle@v4.
• Enable dependency cache + configuration cache artifacts.
• Split CI into parallel jobs: assemble, test, lint, detekt, ksp tasks.
• Warm the remote cache nightly on main to reduce PR build times.

Checklist

• configuration-cache and build-cache are on; second run reuses both.
• No kapt plugins remain (except where KSP isn't supported, isolated to one module).
• Feature modules consume precompiled convention plugins, not duplicated android { } blocks.
• nonTransitiveRClass = true enabled.
• No +-style dependency versions; all versions live in libs.versions.toml.
• Compose strong skipping mode is enabled.
• A remote build cache is configured for CI.
• Regular --scan reviews inform further optimization.