Web error handling error boundaries

React Error Boundaries

Quick Guide: Error boundaries catch JavaScript errors in component trees and display fallback UI. Use react-error-boundary library (v6+) for production apps. Place boundaries strategically around features, not just root. Boundaries do NOT catch event handler, async, or SSR errors -- use showBoundary() hook for async. React 19+: Use createRoot options (onCaughtError, onUncaughtError, onRecoverableError) for centralized error logging.

---

<critical_requirements>

CRITICAL: Before Using This Skill

All code must follow project conventions in CLAUDE.md (kebab-case, named exports, import ordering, import type, named constants)

(You MUST use getDerivedStateFromError for rendering fallback UI - it runs during render phase)

(You MUST use componentDidCatch for side effects like logging - it runs during commit phase)

(You MUST wrap error boundaries around feature sections, not just the app root)

(You MUST provide reset/retry functionality for recoverable errors)

(You MUST use role="alert" on fallback UI for accessibility)

</critical_requirements>

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Auto-detection: error boundary, ErrorBoundary, getDerivedStateFromError, componentDidCatch, fallback UI, react-error-boundary, useErrorBoundary, showBoundary, error recovery, error fallback, onCaughtError, onUncaughtError, onRecoverableError, captureOwnerStack, FallbackProps, resetKeys

When to use:

• Catching and displaying fallback UI for render errors
• Implementing retry/reset functionality after errors
• Preventing entire app crashes from component failures
• Creating isolated failure domains for different features

Key patterns covered:

• Class-based error boundary implementation
• react-error-boundary library patterns (v6+)
• useErrorBoundary hook with showBoundary() for async errors
• Fallback UI with reset functionality and role="alert"
• Strategic boundary placement (granular vs coarse)
• resetKeys for automatic boundary reset
• React 19+: createRoot error options for centralized logging
• React 19+: captureOwnerStack() for enhanced debugging

When NOT to use:

• Event handler errors (use try/catch)
• Async code errors outside components (use try/catch or showBoundary)
• Server-side rendering errors (handle at framework level)
• API request errors (handle in your data fetching layer)

Detailed Resources:

• examples/core.md - Complete boundary implementations, library usage, granular placement
• examples/react-19-hooks.md - createRoot error options, captureOwnerStack, error filtering
• examples/recovery.md - Retry limits, exponential backoff, error classification
• examples/testing.md - Testing boundaries, async errors, resetKeys
• reference.md - Decision frameworks, anti-patterns, checklists

---

<philosophy>

Philosophy

Error boundaries provide graceful degradation -- when one component fails, the rest of the application continues working. The key principle is isolation: wrap distinct features in separate boundaries so failures are contained. Error boundaries are the ONLY way to catch errors during React rendering; they complement try/catch for imperative code.

Core principles:

1. Isolation over global handling - Multiple granular boundaries beat one root boundary
2. Recovery over failure - Provide reset/retry when possible
3. User feedback over silent failure - Show meaningful, accessible fallback UI
4. Logging integration - Pass errors to monitoring via onError callback
5. Centralized observability (React 19+) - Use createRoot error options for unified error tracking

</philosophy>

---

<patterns>

Core Patterns

Pattern 1: Class-Based Error Boundary (Native React)

Error boundaries MUST be class components -- getDerivedStateFromError and componentDidCatch have no hook equivalents.

Two Lifecycle Methods

Method	Phase	Purpose	Side Effects
getDerivedStateFromError	Render	Update state to show fallback	NOT allowed
componentDidCatch	Commit	Log errors, call callbacks	Allowed

// ✅ Good - Complete error boundary with reset
import { Component } from "react";
import type { ErrorInfo, ReactNode } from "react";

interface ErrorBoundaryProps {
  children: ReactNode;
  fallback?: ReactNode | ((error: Error, reset: () => void) => ReactNode);
  onError?: (error: Error, errorInfo: ErrorInfo) => void;
  onReset?: () => void;
}

interface ErrorBoundaryState {
  hasError: boolean;
  error: Error | null;
}

export class ErrorBoundary extends Component<ErrorBoundaryProps, ErrorBoundaryState> {
  constructor(props: ErrorBoundaryProps) {
    super(props);
    this.state = { hasError: false, error: null };
  }

  static getDerivedStateFromError(error: Error): ErrorBoundaryState {
    return { hasError: true, error };
  }

  componentDidCatch(error: Error, errorInfo: ErrorInfo): void {
    this.props.onError?.(error, errorInfo);
  }

  handleReset = (): void => {
    this.props.onReset?.();
    this.setState({ hasError: false, error: null });
  };

  render(): ReactNode {
    const { hasError, error } = this.state;
    const { children, fallback } = this.props;

    if (hasError && error) {
      if (typeof fallback === "function") return fallback(error, this.handleReset);
      if (fallback) return fallback;
      return (
        <div role="alert">
          <h2>Something went wrong</h2>
          <button onClick={this.handleReset}>Try again</button>
        </div>
      );
    }
    return children;
  }
}

Why good: Render-phase/commit-phase separation, reset capability, flexible fallback API, onError enables logging without coupling to specific tools

---

Pattern 2: react-error-boundary Library (v6+)

Production-ready error boundary with hooks support, resetKeys, and useErrorBoundary.

npm install react-error-boundary

Prop	Type	Purpose
fallback	ReactNode	Static fallback UI
FallbackComponent	ComponentType	Component that renders fallback
fallbackRender	(props) => ReactNode	Render prop for fallback
onError	(error, info) => void	Error logging callback
onReset	(details) => void	Called when boundary resets
resetKeys	unknown[]	Dependencies that trigger reset

// ✅ Good - FallbackComponent pattern
import { ErrorBoundary } from "react-error-boundary";
import type { FallbackProps } from "react-error-boundary";

function ErrorFallback({ error, resetErrorBoundary }: FallbackProps) {
  return (
    <div role="alert">
      <h2>Something went wrong</h2>
      <pre>{error.message}</pre>
      <button onClick={resetErrorBoundary}>Try again</button>
    </div>
  );
}

export function App() {
  return (
    <ErrorBoundary
      FallbackComponent={ErrorFallback}
      onError={(error, info) => {
        // Send to your error monitoring service
        console.error("Boundary caught:", error, info);
      }}
    >
      <Dashboard />
    </ErrorBoundary>
  );
}

Why good: Reusable FallbackComponent, onError decouples logging, onReset enables state cleanup

See examples/core.md for resetKeys, useErrorBoundary, and granular placement examples.

---

Pattern 3: useErrorBoundary Hook (Async Errors)

Error boundaries don't catch async errors. Use showBoundary() from useErrorBoundary to manually trigger the nearest boundary.

// ❌ This async error is NOT caught by error boundary
async function handleClick() {
  throw new Error("API failed"); // Lost - boundary doesn't see it
}

// ✅ Good - showBoundary propagates async errors
import { useErrorBoundary } from "react-error-boundary";

function DataLoader() {
  const { showBoundary } = useErrorBoundary();

  const handleLoadData = async () => {
    try {
      const response = await fetch("/api/data");
      if (!response.ok) throw new Error(`HTTP ${response.status}`);
      // ... handle success
    } catch (error) {
      showBoundary(error); // Manually trigger nearest boundary
    }
  };

  return <button onClick={handleLoadData}>Load Data</button>;
}

Why good: Propagates async errors to boundary, consistent error UI across sync/async failures

Use showBoundary for: Async operations, event handlers, effects that should show fallback UI on failure. Do NOT use for: Errors handled locally with inline UI, validation errors needing field-level feedback.

---

Pattern 4: resetKeys for Automatic Reset

Use resetKeys to auto-reset the boundary when certain values change (e.g., route, selected item).

// ✅ Good - Reset boundary on route change
<ErrorBoundary
  FallbackComponent={ErrorFallback}
  resetKeys={[location.pathname]}
>
  <Routes />
</ErrorBoundary>

Pattern	Use Case
[pathname]	Reset on route change
[selectedId]	Reset when viewing different item
[retryCount]	Reset after programmatic retry

Gotcha: resetKeys comparison is shallow -- objects/arrays need stable references.

---

Pattern 5: Granular Boundary Placement

App
├─ ErrorBoundary (root - last-resort catch-all)
│   ├─ Header
│   ├─ ErrorBoundary (sidebar)
│   │   └─ Sidebar
│   ├─ ErrorBoundary (main content)
│   │   ├─ ErrorBoundary (widget A)
│   │   │   └─ ChartWidget
│   │   └─ ErrorBoundary (widget B)
│   │       └─ TableWidget
│   └─ Footer

// ✅ Good - Granular boundaries isolate failures
function Dashboard() {
  return (
    <div>
      <ErrorBoundary fallback={<div>Chart unavailable</div>} onError={logError}>
        <ChartWidget />
      </ErrorBoundary>
      <ErrorBoundary fallback={<div>Table unavailable</div>} onError={logError}>
        <DataTable />
      </ErrorBoundary>
    </div>
  );
}

Why good: One widget failing doesn't crash the dashboard, each feature has contextual fallback

// ❌ Bad - Single boundary for everything
<ErrorBoundary fallback={<div>Dashboard error</div>}>
  <ChartWidget />
  <DataTable />
  <StatsPanel />
</ErrorBoundary>

Why bad: One failing widget crashes entire dashboard, users lose access to working features

---

Pattern 6: Fallback UI

Fallback UI must include role="alert" for accessibility, retry button for recovery, and hide error details in production.

// ✅ Good - Environment-aware fallback with accessibility
function DetailedFallback({ error, resetErrorBoundary }: FallbackProps) {
  const isDev = process.env.NODE_ENV === "development";
  return (
    <div role="alert">
      <h2>Something went wrong</h2>
      {isDev && (
        <details>
          <summary>Error details</summary>
          <pre>{error.message}</pre>
        </details>
      )}
      <button onClick={resetErrorBoundary}>Try again</button>
      <button onClick={() => window.location.reload()}>Refresh page</button>
    </div>
  );
}

Why good: role="alert" announces to screen readers, dev-only details, multiple recovery options

// ❌ Bad - Missing accessibility, raw errors in production
<div>
  <pre>{error.stack}</pre>
  <span onClick={reset}>Retry</span> {/* Not keyboard accessible */}
</div>

Why bad: No role="alert", exposes internals to users, span not keyboard-accessible

---

Pattern 7: React 19+ createRoot Error Options

React 19 adds three root-level error handlers for centralized logging. These complement (not replace) ErrorBoundary components.

Handler	When Called	Use Case
onCaughtError	Error caught by an ErrorBoundary	Log handled errors
onUncaughtError	Error NOT caught by any boundary	Log fatal errors
onRecoverableError	React auto-recovers from error	Log hydration mismatches, suspense errors

// ✅ Good - Centralized error logging with createRoot
import { createRoot } from "react-dom/client";

const ROOT_ELEMENT_ID = "root";
const container = document.getElementById(ROOT_ELEMENT_ID);
if (!container) throw new Error("Root element not found");

const root = createRoot(container, {
  onCaughtError: (error, errorInfo) => {
    reportToMonitoring("caught", error, errorInfo.componentStack);
  },
  onUncaughtError: (error, errorInfo) => {
    reportToMonitoring("uncaught", error, errorInfo.componentStack);
  },
  onRecoverableError: (error, errorInfo) => {
    reportToMonitoring("recoverable", error, errorInfo.componentStack);
  },
});
root.render(<App />);

Why good: Single configuration point for all React error logging, catches errors that escape all boundaries

See examples/react-19-hooks.md for captureOwnerStack(), error filtering, and hydrateRoot patterns.

</patterns>

---

<red_flags>

RED FLAGS

High Priority:

• Missing error boundaries entirely -- app crashes on any render error
• Single root boundary only -- no isolation between features
• No reset/retry functionality -- users must refresh page
• Missing role="alert" on fallback -- screen readers don't announce errors
• Side effects in getDerivedStateFromError -- violates React phase rules

Medium Priority:

• Not using showBoundary() for async errors -- they silently fail
• Same fallback for all boundaries -- no context about what failed
• No onError callback -- errors not reported to monitoring
• Overly granular boundaries (every component) -- unnecessary overhead

Gotchas & Edge Cases:

• getDerivedStateFromError runs during render -- no side effects allowed
• Error boundaries don't catch errors in themselves -- only children
• Nested boundaries: innermost boundary catches first
• Hot reload can trigger boundaries in development (expected behavior)
• resetKeys comparison is shallow -- objects/arrays need stable references
• SSR hydration errors may not be caught by client-side boundaries
• React 19: captureOwnerStack() returns null in production
• React 19: onCaughtError runs AFTER boundary's componentDidCatch, not before
• React 19: onRecoverableError may have error.cause with the original thrown error
• React 19: These options are silently ignored on React 18

</red_flags>

---

<critical_reminders>

CRITICAL REMINDERS

All code must follow project conventions in CLAUDE.md

(You MUST use getDerivedStateFromError for rendering fallback UI - it runs during render phase)

(You MUST use componentDidCatch for side effects like logging - it runs during commit phase)

(You MUST wrap error boundaries around feature sections, not just the app root)

(You MUST provide reset/retry functionality for recoverable errors)

(You MUST use role="alert" on fallback UI for accessibility)

Failure to follow these rules will result in poor error handling, inaccessible UIs, or unrecoverable error states.

</critical_reminders>