Solidity deploy

Deployment Workflow

Language Rule

• Always respond in the same language the user is using. If the user asks in Chinese, respond in Chinese. If in English, respond in English.

Pre-deployment Checklist (all must pass)

Step	Command / Action
Format code	forge fmt
Run all tests	forge test — zero failures required
Check gas report	forge test --gas-report — review critical functions
Verify config	Manually check config/*.json parameters
Dry-run	forge script <Script> --fork-url <RPC_URL> -vvvv (no --broadcast)
Check balance	cast balance <DEPLOYER> --rpc-url <RPC_URL> — sufficient gas?
Gas limit set	Deployment command must include --gas-limit

Deployment Decision Rules

Situation	Rule
Default deployment	No --verify — contracts are not verified on block explorers by default
User requests verification	Add --verify and --etherscan-api-key to the command
Post-deploy verification	Use forge verify-contract as a separate step
Multi-chain deploy	Separate scripts per chain, never batch multiple chains in one script
Proxy deployment	Deploy implementation first, then proxy — verify both separately
Upgradeable contract	Use OpenZeppelin Upgrades Plugin (see below) — never hand-roll proxy deployment

Post-deployment Operations (all required)

1. Update addresses in config/*.json and deployments/latest.env
2. Test critical functions: cast call to verify on-chain state is correct
3. Record changes in docs/CHANGELOG.md
4. Submit PR with deployment transaction hash link
5. If verification needed, run forge verify-contract separately

Key Security Rule

• Never pass private keys directly in commands. Use Foundry Keystore (cast wallet import) to manage keys securely.
• Never include --broadcast in templates. The user must explicitly add it when ready to deploy.

Command Templates

# Dry-run (simulation only, no on-chain execution)
forge script script/Deploy.s.sol:DeployScript \
  --rpc-url <RPC_URL> \
  --gas-limit 5000000 \
  -vvvv

# When user is ready to deploy, instruct them to add:
#   --account <KEYSTORE_NAME> --broadcast

# Verify existing contract separately
forge verify-contract <ADDRESS> <CONTRACT> \
  --chain-id <CHAIN_ID> \
  --etherscan-api-key <API_KEY> \
  --constructor-args $(cast abi-encode "constructor(address)" <ARG>)

# Quick on-chain read test after deployment
cast call <CONTRACT_ADDRESS> "functionName()" --rpc-url <RPC_URL>

Upgradeable Contract Deployment (OpenZeppelin Upgrades Plugin)

For any upgradeable contract (UUPS, Transparent, Beacon), use the OpenZeppelin Foundry Upgrades Plugin instead of hand-rolling proxy deployment scripts.

Why Use the Plugin

Manual Approach	With Plugin
~30 lines: deploy impl → deploy proxy → encode initializer → wire up	1 line: Upgrades.deployUUPSProxy(...)
~20 lines: deploy new impl → validate storage → upgrade proxy	1 line: Upgrades.upgradeProxy(...)
Storage layout compatibility: check by eye	Auto-checked, incompatible layouts are rejected
Forgot _disableInitializers()? No warning	Auto-validated

Installation

forge install OpenZeppelin/openzeppelin-foundry-upgrades
forge install OpenZeppelin/openzeppelin-contracts-upgradeable

Add to remappings.txt:

@openzeppelin/contracts/=lib/openzeppelin-contracts-upgradeable/lib/openzeppelin-contracts/contracts/
@openzeppelin/contracts-upgradeable/=lib/openzeppelin-contracts-upgradeable/contracts/

Deploy Script Template (UUPS)

// script/Deploy.s.sol
import {Script, console} from "forge-std/Script.sol";
import {Upgrades} from "openzeppelin-foundry-upgrades/Upgrades.sol";
import {MyContract} from "../src/MyContract.sol";

contract DeployScript is Script {
    function run() public {
        vm.startBroadcast();

        // One line: deploys impl + proxy + calls initialize
        address proxy = Upgrades.deployUUPSProxy(
            "MyContract.sol",
            abi.encodeCall(MyContract.initialize, (msg.sender))
        );

        console.log("Proxy:", proxy);
        console.log("Impl:", Upgrades.getImplementationAddress(proxy));

        vm.stopBroadcast();
    }
}

Upgrade Script Template

// script/Upgrade.s.sol
import {Script, console} from "forge-std/Script.sol";
import {Upgrades} from "openzeppelin-foundry-upgrades/Upgrades.sol";

contract UpgradeScript is Script {
    function run() public {
        address proxy = vm.envAddress("PROXY_ADDRESS");
        vm.startBroadcast();

        // One line: validates storage layout + deploys new impl + upgrades proxy
        Upgrades.upgradeProxy(proxy, "MyContractV2.sol", "");

        console.log("Upgraded. New impl:", Upgrades.getImplementationAddress(proxy));

        vm.stopBroadcast();
    }
}

Add @custom:oz-upgrades-from MyContract annotation to V2 contract for automatic reference:

/// @custom:oz-upgrades-from MyContract
contract MyContractV2 is Initializable, OwnableUpgradeable, UUPSUpgradeable {
    // ...
}

Commands

# Deploy proxy (dry-run) — --ffi is required for storage layout checks
forge script script/Deploy.s.sol --rpc-url <RPC_URL> --ffi -vvvv

# Deploy proxy (broadcast)
forge script script/Deploy.s.sol --rpc-url <RPC_URL> --ffi --account <KEYSTORE_NAME> --broadcast

# Upgrade proxy (dry-run)
PROXY_ADDRESS=0x... forge script script/Upgrade.s.sol --rpc-url <RPC_URL> --ffi -vvvv

# Upgrade proxy (broadcast)
PROXY_ADDRESS=0x... forge script script/Upgrade.s.sol --rpc-url <RPC_URL> --ffi --account <KEYSTORE_NAME> --broadcast

# Validate upgrade without deploying (useful for CI)
# Use Upgrades.validateUpgrade("MyContractV2.sol", opts) in a test

Plugin API Quick Reference

Function	Purpose
Upgrades.deployUUPSProxy(contract, data)	Deploy UUPS proxy + impl + initialize
Upgrades.deployTransparentProxy(contract, admin, data)	Deploy Transparent proxy + impl + initialize
Upgrades.upgradeProxy(proxy, newContract, data)	Validate + deploy new impl + upgrade
Upgrades.validateUpgrade(contract, opts)	Validate only, no deploy (for CI/tests)
Upgrades.getImplementationAddress(proxy)	Get current implementation address
Upgrades.prepareUpgrade(contract, opts)	Validate + deploy new impl, return address (for multisig)

Key Rules

• Always use --ffi flag — the plugin needs it for storage layout validation
• Always add --sender <ADDRESS> for upgrades — must match proxy owner, otherwise OwnableUnauthorizedAccount
• Use Upgrades in scripts, UnsafeUpgrades only in tests — UnsafeUpgrades skips all safety checks
• Keep V1 source code in project when upgrading — plugin needs it for storage comparison. Or use @custom:oz-upgrades-from annotation
• Never hand-roll proxy deployment when this plugin is available — the storage layout check alone prevents critical bugs