Deployment safety

Deployment Safety

A deploy is a bet that new code behaves in an environment you've never run it in. This skill makes the bet survivable: every deploy must be verifiable (you can tell if it worked) and reversible (you can undo it faster than users notice).

The two questions before any deploy

1. "How will I know within 5 minutes if this broke something?" — if the answer is "users will tell us", stop and add the signal first (health check, error rate, a smoke request you'll run).
2. "What is the undo?" — redeploy previous image/commit? feature flag off? config revert? If the undo involves a database, see the migration rules below, because code rolls back; data does not.

Gates

Gate 1: Build determinism

• The artifact deployed is the artifact tested: build once, promote the same image/bundle through environments. Rebuilding per-environment invites "works in staging" drift.
• Pin versions: base images by tag (ideally digest), lockfiles committed and honored (npm ci, pip install -r with pins). A deploy should not change behavior because a dependency released overnight.
• Know your build-time vs run-time config split. Anything baked at build (e.g. NEXT_PUBLIC_*) cannot be fixed by editing env vars later — document which is which.

Gate 2: Config & secrets parity

• Every env var the code reads exists in the target environment. Diff code's required config against the platform's actual config before deploying, not after the crash loop.
• Fail fast and loud on missing/invalid config at boot — a clear startup error beats a 3 a.m. NullPointerException.
• Verify the deployed commit: expose a version/commit fingerprint endpoint or log line so you can confirm what's actually running (never assume the deploy took).

Gate 3: Database migrations — the irreversible part

• Expand → migrate → contract. Never deploy a migration and the code that requires it as one atomic hope. Order: (1) additive migration (new nullable column/table) → (2) code that writes both/reads either → (3) backfill → (4) code that uses only new → (5) drop old, releases later.
• Destructive operations (DROP, ALTER TYPE, DELETE, renames) get: a stated rollback plan, a backup/snapshot taken first, and explicit user confirmation. A rename is a drop in disguise — do add+backfill+drop instead.
• Migrations must be safe to run twice (idempotent or guarded) and safe while old code is still running (the previous version and new schema coexist during rollout).
• Long locks kill production: on Postgres, add indexes CONCURRENTLY, avoid full-table rewrites in peak hours, set lock_timeout.

Gate 4: Rollout

• Health checks must check readiness (can serve: DB reachable, migrations applied) not just liveness (process up). Zero-downtime deploys are only as good as the readiness probe.
• Prefer progressive exposure for risky changes: feature flag, canary instance, or percentage rollout. The flag default must be the old behavior.
• Graceful shutdown: handle SIGTERM, drain in-flight requests, stop accepting new work (critical for workers/queues — a killed job must be re-runnable).

Gate 5: Post-deploy verification (non-optional)

Within minutes of the deploy, actually do — don't just plan to do:

1. Confirm the running version fingerprint matches what you shipped.
2. Hit the golden path end-to-end (login → one core read → one core write) against production.
3. Watch error rate/logs for the first minutes; compare to pre-deploy baseline.
4. Only then report "deployed". A deploy without verification is a deploy that might have happened.

Rollback discipline

• Practice the rollback path before you need it; a documented-but-never-run rollback is fiction.
• Roll back on symptom, investigate on stable — don't debug forward in production while users bleed unless rollback is impossible.
• After any incident-driven rollback, the fix re-ships with a test or guard that would have caught it.

Anti-patterns to refuse

• "Just SSH in and edit it" — snowflake changes that the next deploy silently reverts.
• Deploying Friday-evening/holiday-eve changes that touch auth, money, or migrations without explicit user acknowledgment.
• latest tags, unpinned deps, or --force pushes to the deploy branch.
• Secrets pasted into CI logs, Dockerfiles (ENV SECRET=... is baked into layers), or shell history when a secret store exists.